This comprehensive review explores the phytochemical composition, health benefits, physiological mechanisms, pharmacological safety, and medicinal prospects of *Moringa oleifera*. The plant, known for its nutritional and therapeutic properties, has been recognized in traditional medicine systems for its diverse health advantages. The review delves into the phytochemical constituents of *Moringa oleifera*, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and carotenoids, and examines their roles in various health benefits such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. The underlying physiological mechanisms and pharmacological safety of *Moringa oleifera* are also discussed, highlighting its potential in addressing chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies. The review covers the plant's morphology, cultivation, and nutrient content, emphasizing its adaptability and nutritional value. Additionally, it explores *Moringa oleifera*’s pharmacotherapeutic properties, including its effects on cancer, cardiovascular system, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, nervous system, reproductive system, and antimicrobial activities. The review also discusses *Moringa oleifera*’s potential in treating COVID-19, given its anti-viral and anti-microbial properties. Overall, the review provides a detailed and updated examination of *Moringa oleifera*, underscoring its significance in both traditional and modern medicinal practices.This comprehensive review explores the phytochemical composition, health benefits, physiological mechanisms, pharmacological safety, and medicinal prospects of *Moringa oleifera*. The plant, known for its nutritional and therapeutic properties, has been recognized in traditional medicine systems for its diverse health advantages. The review delves into the phytochemical constituents of *Moringa oleifera*, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and carotenoids, and examines their roles in various health benefits such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. The underlying physiological mechanisms and pharmacological safety of *Moringa oleifera* are also discussed, highlighting its potential in addressing chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies. The review covers the plant's morphology, cultivation, and nutrient content, emphasizing its adaptability and nutritional value. Additionally, it explores *Moringa oleifera*’s pharmacotherapeutic properties, including its effects on cancer, cardiovascular system, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, nervous system, reproductive system, and antimicrobial activities. The review also discusses *Moringa oleifera*’s potential in treating COVID-19, given its anti-viral and anti-microbial properties. Overall, the review provides a detailed and updated examination of *Moringa oleifera*, underscoring its significance in both traditional and modern medicinal practices.