This comprehensive review examines the therapeutic and diagnostic landscape of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. The review highlights current strategies, emerging therapies, and future directions in TNBC management. Targeted therapies, including PARP inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and EGFR inhibitors, show promise for personalized treatment approaches. However, challenges in identifying novel targets, exploring combination therapies, and developing predictive biomarkers must be addressed to optimize targeted therapy. Immunotherapy represents a transformative approach, but challenges in biomarker identification, combination strategies, and overcoming resistance persist. Precision medicine offers opportunities for tailored treatment based on tumor biology, but integrating multi-omics data and clinical implementation present significant challenges. Despite these challenges, ongoing research efforts and collaborative initiatives offer hope for improving outcomes and advancing treatment strategies in TNBC. By addressing the complexities of TNBC biology and developing effective therapeutic approaches, personalized treatments can be realized, ultimately enhancing the lives of TNBC patients.This comprehensive review examines the therapeutic and diagnostic landscape of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. The review highlights current strategies, emerging therapies, and future directions in TNBC management. Targeted therapies, including PARP inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and EGFR inhibitors, show promise for personalized treatment approaches. However, challenges in identifying novel targets, exploring combination therapies, and developing predictive biomarkers must be addressed to optimize targeted therapy. Immunotherapy represents a transformative approach, but challenges in biomarker identification, combination strategies, and overcoming resistance persist. Precision medicine offers opportunities for tailored treatment based on tumor biology, but integrating multi-omics data and clinical implementation present significant challenges. Despite these challenges, ongoing research efforts and collaborative initiatives offer hope for improving outcomes and advancing treatment strategies in TNBC. By addressing the complexities of TNBC biology and developing effective therapeutic approaches, personalized treatments can be realized, ultimately enhancing the lives of TNBC patients.