This study explores the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using Aloe vera leaf extract. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit a unique sago-shaped morphology, as confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed distinctive metal–oxygen bonds, while UV–visible spectroscopy showed absorbance at 248 nm, indicating electron transitions and varying surface conduction electrons. Molecular docking studies against key proteins of *Salmonella typhi* and *Listeria monocytogenes* were conducted, revealing binding energies and potential interactions. The CuO nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against *S. typhi* and *L. monocytogenes*, with zones of inhibition values of 13 ± 0.02 mm and 15 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. Additionally, the nanoparticles exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficacy, degrading 77% of methylene blue dye under UV irradiation. The study highlights the potential of green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles derived from A. vera for their unique morphology, spectroscopic properties, and promising antibacterial and photocatalytic activities.This study explores the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using Aloe vera leaf extract. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit a unique sago-shaped morphology, as confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed distinctive metal–oxygen bonds, while UV–visible spectroscopy showed absorbance at 248 nm, indicating electron transitions and varying surface conduction electrons. Molecular docking studies against key proteins of *Salmonella typhi* and *Listeria monocytogenes* were conducted, revealing binding energies and potential interactions. The CuO nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against *S. typhi* and *L. monocytogenes*, with zones of inhibition values of 13 ± 0.02 mm and 15 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. Additionally, the nanoparticles exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficacy, degrading 77% of methylene blue dye under UV irradiation. The study highlights the potential of green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles derived from A. vera for their unique morphology, spectroscopic properties, and promising antibacterial and photocatalytic activities.