Biomimetic nano-drug delivery systems (BNDDS) are emerging as a promising platform for enhancing tumor treatment. These systems use bio-nanotechnology to encapsulate synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) within biomimetic membranes, integrating the low immunogenicity, low toxicity, high tumor targeting, and good biocompatibility of biofilms with the adjustability and versatility of nanocarriers. BNDDS offer improved drug delivery efficiency and targeted therapy, making them a key focus in life sciences research. This review summarizes recent advancements in BNDDS for optimizing drug delivery, providing theoretical insights for designing safe and effective treatment strategies to improve tumor treatment outcomes. BNDDS consist of core particles with drug-loaded nanostructures and biomimetic outer membranes with biological activity. Core particles are categorized into inorganic, organic, and inorganic-organic hybrids. Common inorganic materials include metals, oxides, carbon-based NPs, mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs), and hollow manganese dioxide (HMnO₂). Organic materials include lipid-based NPs, proteins, and polymers. These NPs exhibit good long-term safety and high biocompatibility. Inorganic NPs have good biocompatibility and high drug loading rates due to their unique electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The self-assembly of BNDDS involves three primary steps: (1) preparation of biomimetic membranes, (2) synthesis of drug-loaded nanoplatform cores, and (3) wrapping the biomimetic membrane-based shell onto drug-loaded NPs. Common packaging methods include co-incubation, stirring, mixing, mechanical extrusion, ultrasonication, microfluidic electroporation, and CM-templated polymerization. Characterization of BNDDS is crucial for verifying the complete encapsulation of NPs and biomimetic membranes, determining fundamental characteristics such as morphology, particle size, and surface charge, and ensuring the functionality and safety of BNDDS. Challenges in characterizing biomimetic CM-modified NPs include the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the dynamic nature of BNDDS entering the body. BNDDS overcome biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier and tumor tissue infiltration by mimicking natural cell membranes. They enhance drug delivery efficiency and reduce toxicity to non-target organs. BNDDS have been used in various applications, including cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy. They have shown promising results in improving tumor treatment outcomes by enhancing drug targeting, reducing toxicity, and improving drug delivery efficiency. The use of biomimetic membranes in BNDDS has shown significant potential in enhancing the biocompatibility, circulation time, and pharmacokinetic behavior of NPs, making them a valuable tool in cancer treatment.Biomimetic nano-drug delivery systems (BNDDS) are emerging as a promising platform for enhancing tumor treatment. These systems use bio-nanotechnology to encapsulate synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) within biomimetic membranes, integrating the low immunogenicity, low toxicity, high tumor targeting, and good biocompatibility of biofilms with the adjustability and versatility of nanocarriers. BNDDS offer improved drug delivery efficiency and targeted therapy, making them a key focus in life sciences research. This review summarizes recent advancements in BNDDS for optimizing drug delivery, providing theoretical insights for designing safe and effective treatment strategies to improve tumor treatment outcomes. BNDDS consist of core particles with drug-loaded nanostructures and biomimetic outer membranes with biological activity. Core particles are categorized into inorganic, organic, and inorganic-organic hybrids. Common inorganic materials include metals, oxides, carbon-based NPs, mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs), and hollow manganese dioxide (HMnO₂). Organic materials include lipid-based NPs, proteins, and polymers. These NPs exhibit good long-term safety and high biocompatibility. Inorganic NPs have good biocompatibility and high drug loading rates due to their unique electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The self-assembly of BNDDS involves three primary steps: (1) preparation of biomimetic membranes, (2) synthesis of drug-loaded nanoplatform cores, and (3) wrapping the biomimetic membrane-based shell onto drug-loaded NPs. Common packaging methods include co-incubation, stirring, mixing, mechanical extrusion, ultrasonication, microfluidic electroporation, and CM-templated polymerization. Characterization of BNDDS is crucial for verifying the complete encapsulation of NPs and biomimetic membranes, determining fundamental characteristics such as morphology, particle size, and surface charge, and ensuring the functionality and safety of BNDDS. Challenges in characterizing biomimetic CM-modified NPs include the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the dynamic nature of BNDDS entering the body. BNDDS overcome biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier and tumor tissue infiltration by mimicking natural cell membranes. They enhance drug delivery efficiency and reduce toxicity to non-target organs. BNDDS have been used in various applications, including cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy. They have shown promising results in improving tumor treatment outcomes by enhancing drug targeting, reducing toxicity, and improving drug delivery efficiency. The use of biomimetic membranes in BNDDS has shown significant potential in enhancing the biocompatibility, circulation time, and pharmacokinetic behavior of NPs, making them a valuable tool in cancer treatment.