The article "CO₂ gas hydrate for carbon capture and storage applications – Part 2" by Aminnaji et al. (2024) focuses on the transportation and storage of CO₂ using gas hydrates, addressing the challenges and potential benefits of this approach. The authors highlight that while CO₂ hydrate offers significant advantages in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), it also presents technical challenges, particularly in ensuring flow assurance and preventing hydrate formation in pipelines. Key issues include the need for dehydration to prevent hydrate formation, the use of inhibitors to control hydrate growth, and the rheological properties of CO₂ hydrate slurry to ensure smooth pipeline transport. The article discusses the importance of understanding the geological conditions for CO₂ storage, emphasizing the role of CO₂ hydrate formation in self-sealing mechanisms, which can enhance the integrity of caprock and reduce the risk of CO₂ leakage. It also explores the potential for CH₄-CO₂ swapping in hydrate reservoirs, where CO₂ injection can facilitate the recovery of CH₄ while storing CO₂, a process that is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the authors delve into the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments, noting that the presence of hydrates can affect the stability and strength of these materials. They conclude by emphasizing the need for further research to optimize the use of CO₂ hydrate in CCS, particularly in addressing flow assurance and geological storage challenges.The article "CO₂ gas hydrate for carbon capture and storage applications – Part 2" by Aminnaji et al. (2024) focuses on the transportation and storage of CO₂ using gas hydrates, addressing the challenges and potential benefits of this approach. The authors highlight that while CO₂ hydrate offers significant advantages in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), it also presents technical challenges, particularly in ensuring flow assurance and preventing hydrate formation in pipelines. Key issues include the need for dehydration to prevent hydrate formation, the use of inhibitors to control hydrate growth, and the rheological properties of CO₂ hydrate slurry to ensure smooth pipeline transport. The article discusses the importance of understanding the geological conditions for CO₂ storage, emphasizing the role of CO₂ hydrate formation in self-sealing mechanisms, which can enhance the integrity of caprock and reduce the risk of CO₂ leakage. It also explores the potential for CH₄-CO₂ swapping in hydrate reservoirs, where CO₂ injection can facilitate the recovery of CH₄ while storing CO₂, a process that is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the authors delve into the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments, noting that the presence of hydrates can affect the stability and strength of these materials. They conclude by emphasizing the need for further research to optimize the use of CO₂ hydrate in CCS, particularly in addressing flow assurance and geological storage challenges.