Microplastics, minuscule plastic particles smaller than 5 mm but larger than 0.1 μm, have become ubiquitous in the environment, including air, water, and food. Despite limited research, their accumulation in the human respiratory system has garnered significant attention due to potential health implications. This review examines the impacts of microplastic accumulation on human lung airways and the computational methods used to study this phenomenon. Microplastics can induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung function, and their small size allows them to penetrate deep into the lungs, reaching the alveoli. Computational models and simulations are crucial for understanding particle dynamics, deposition patterns, and interaction mechanisms. However, challenges include accurately representing the complex anatomy and physiological processes of the respiratory system, obtaining relevant data for model validation, and capturing the diverse behaviors and toxicological effects of microplastics. The review highlights the need for more comprehensive strategies to address the environmental and public health concerns posed by microplastics.Microplastics, minuscule plastic particles smaller than 5 mm but larger than 0.1 μm, have become ubiquitous in the environment, including air, water, and food. Despite limited research, their accumulation in the human respiratory system has garnered significant attention due to potential health implications. This review examines the impacts of microplastic accumulation on human lung airways and the computational methods used to study this phenomenon. Microplastics can induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung function, and their small size allows them to penetrate deep into the lungs, reaching the alveoli. Computational models and simulations are crucial for understanding particle dynamics, deposition patterns, and interaction mechanisms. However, challenges include accurately representing the complex anatomy and physiological processes of the respiratory system, obtaining relevant data for model validation, and capturing the diverse behaviors and toxicological effects of microplastics. The review highlights the need for more comprehensive strategies to address the environmental and public health concerns posed by microplastics.