This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effects of single and combined interventions of diet and exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health in postmenopausal women with obesity. Ninety-two participants were randomly assigned to a diet group (intermittent fasting 2 days/week, 3 months), exercise group (physical-cognitive exercise 3 days/week, 3 months), combined group, or control group. The primary outcomes included executive functions, memory, and plasma BDNF levels, while secondary outcomes covered global cognition, attention, language domain, plasma adiponectin levels, IL-6 levels, metabolic parameters, and physical function. Key findings include: - The exercise and combined groups showed significant improvements in memory, plasma BDNF levels, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, body fat percentage, and muscle strength compared to the control group. - Only the combined intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in executive function and increased plasma adiponectin levels. - No cognitive improvement was observed in the diet group. - Significant reductions in cholesterol levels were observed in the diet and combined groups compared to the control group. - All intervention groups showed significant improvements in plasma BDNF levels, weight, BMI, WHR, fat mass, and predicted VO2 max compared to the control group. The study concluded that combined physical-cognitive exercise and dietary intervention are promising interventions to improve cognition and obesity-related complications in postmenopausal women with obesity. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is recommended to confirm these findings.This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effects of single and combined interventions of diet and exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health in postmenopausal women with obesity. Ninety-two participants were randomly assigned to a diet group (intermittent fasting 2 days/week, 3 months), exercise group (physical-cognitive exercise 3 days/week, 3 months), combined group, or control group. The primary outcomes included executive functions, memory, and plasma BDNF levels, while secondary outcomes covered global cognition, attention, language domain, plasma adiponectin levels, IL-6 levels, metabolic parameters, and physical function. Key findings include: - The exercise and combined groups showed significant improvements in memory, plasma BDNF levels, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, body fat percentage, and muscle strength compared to the control group. - Only the combined intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in executive function and increased plasma adiponectin levels. - No cognitive improvement was observed in the diet group. - Significant reductions in cholesterol levels were observed in the diet and combined groups compared to the control group. - All intervention groups showed significant improvements in plasma BDNF levels, weight, BMI, WHR, fat mass, and predicted VO2 max compared to the control group. The study concluded that combined physical-cognitive exercise and dietary intervention are promising interventions to improve cognition and obesity-related complications in postmenopausal women with obesity. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is recommended to confirm these findings.