Heavy metal ions (HMIs) are harmful to the environment and human health when present in excess. Common toxic HMIs include arsenic (As³⁺), cadmium (Cd²⁺), chromium (Cr³⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and mercury (Hg²⁺). Traditional analytical methods like atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are accurate but require specialized equipment and skilled personnel. Electrochemical sensing methods are more advantageous due to their speed, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. These methods enable real-time monitoring and can detect multiple heavy metals with high sensitivity and selectivity. Nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles are used as electrode modifiers to enhance electrochemical performance. Electrochemical sensors use these materials to detect HMIs in aqueous solutions. Different electrochemical techniques, including potentiostatic, galvanostatic, impedance measurement, and electrochemiluminescence, are used for HMI detection. These methods offer advantages such as fast response times, high sensitivity, and the ability to detect trace amounts of metals. Research has focused on improving the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors using nanocomposite materials. For example, gold nanoparticles modified with carbon nanotubes or ferrite nanoparticles have been used to detect arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. These sensors show high sensitivity and low detection limits. Electrochemical sensors for heavy metals are being developed for portable and real-time applications, with a focus on improving miniaturization and detection capabilities. This review highlights recent advancements in electrochemical sensing methods for HMI detection, emphasizing the use of nanomaterials and interface materials to enhance sensor performance. Future research aims to develop more sensitive, portable, and high-throughput devices for heavy metal detection in environmental and biological samples.Heavy metal ions (HMIs) are harmful to the environment and human health when present in excess. Common toxic HMIs include arsenic (As³⁺), cadmium (Cd²⁺), chromium (Cr³⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and mercury (Hg²⁺). Traditional analytical methods like atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are accurate but require specialized equipment and skilled personnel. Electrochemical sensing methods are more advantageous due to their speed, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. These methods enable real-time monitoring and can detect multiple heavy metals with high sensitivity and selectivity. Nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles are used as electrode modifiers to enhance electrochemical performance. Electrochemical sensors use these materials to detect HMIs in aqueous solutions. Different electrochemical techniques, including potentiostatic, galvanostatic, impedance measurement, and electrochemiluminescence, are used for HMI detection. These methods offer advantages such as fast response times, high sensitivity, and the ability to detect trace amounts of metals. Research has focused on improving the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors using nanocomposite materials. For example, gold nanoparticles modified with carbon nanotubes or ferrite nanoparticles have been used to detect arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. These sensors show high sensitivity and low detection limits. Electrochemical sensors for heavy metals are being developed for portable and real-time applications, with a focus on improving miniaturization and detection capabilities. This review highlights recent advancements in electrochemical sensing methods for HMI detection, emphasizing the use of nanomaterials and interface materials to enhance sensor performance. Future research aims to develop more sensitive, portable, and high-throughput devices for heavy metal detection in environmental and biological samples.