This paper explores the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in enhancing salinity and drought tolerance in plants. NPs have emerged as promising tools to improve agricultural productivity under climate change and increasing environmental stresses. The authors review the classification, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of NPs, emphasizing their impact on plant growth, nutrient uptake, membrane stability, enzyme activities, phytohormone production, phenolic compound accumulation, photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and stress-responsive gene expression. NPs protect plant membranes and photosynthetic apparatus, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, optimize hormone and phenolic levels, boost nutrient intake, and regulate gene expression, thereby strengthening plants' resilience to drought and salinity. The study highlights the importance of future research in understanding the specific properties and applications of NPs in sustainable agriculture.This paper explores the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in enhancing salinity and drought tolerance in plants. NPs have emerged as promising tools to improve agricultural productivity under climate change and increasing environmental stresses. The authors review the classification, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of NPs, emphasizing their impact on plant growth, nutrient uptake, membrane stability, enzyme activities, phytohormone production, phenolic compound accumulation, photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and stress-responsive gene expression. NPs protect plant membranes and photosynthetic apparatus, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, optimize hormone and phenolic levels, boost nutrient intake, and regulate gene expression, thereby strengthening plants' resilience to drought and salinity. The study highlights the importance of future research in understanding the specific properties and applications of NPs in sustainable agriculture.