20 Feb 2024 | Saebyeok Ahn, Jmyeong Kim, Boris I. Ivanov, Ohjoon Kwon, HeeSu Byun, Arjan F. van Loo, SeongTae Park, Junu Jeong, Soohyung Lee, Jinsu Kim, Çağlar Kutlu, Andrew K. Yi, Yasunobu Nakamura, Seonjeong Oh, Danho Ahn, SungJae Bae, Hyoungsoon Choi, Jihoon Choi, Yunuk Chong, Woohyung Chung, Violeta Gkika, Jihn E. Kim, Younggeun Kim, Byeong Rok Ko, Lino Miceli, Doy Lee, Jiwon Lee, Ki Woong Lee, MyeongJae Lee, Andrei Matlashov, Pallavi Parashar, Taehyeon Seong, Yun Chang Shin, Sergey V. Uchaikin, SungWoo Youn, and Yannis K. Semertzidis
A search for axion dark matter above 1 GHz was conducted using the CAPP's Main Axion eXperiment (CAPP-MAX). The experiment used a cavity resonant search to detect axions by converting them into microwave photons through their interaction with photons in a strong magnetic field. The frequency range explored was 1.025 GHz to 1.185 GHz (4.24 to 4.91 μeV). The CAPP-MAX experiment utilized a 12T superconducting magnet with a 320 mm aperture and a 37-liter copper cavity. A powerful dilution refrigerator kept the system below 40 mK, and quantum-noise-limited readout electronics achieved a total system noise of about 200 mK or lower. This enabled a background of roughly 4 × 10³ photons per second within the axion bandwidth. The combination of these improvements provided unprecedented search performance, imposing the most stringent exclusion limits on axion-photon coupling in this frequency range. The results suggest the experimental capability for highly-sensitive searches for axion dark matter above 1 GHz.
The experiment involved a 12T superconducting magnet, a cryogenic dilution refrigerator, and a microwave cavity with a high quality factor. The cavity was designed to have a high Q-factor and a volume of 37 liters, allowing for efficient conversion of axion dark matter into microwave photons. The cavity was tuned to resonate with the axion frequency range of 1.02–1.185 GHz. The cavity was constructed from OFHC copper and had a thickness of 0.5 mm for the side walls. The cavity was tuned using a rotating tuning rod, which allowed for precise adjustment of the resonance frequency. The cavity was cooled to a temperature of about 30 mK, which is one of the lowest temperatures achieved in axion experiments.
The readout electronics included flux-driven Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs), which are quantum noise-limited amplifiers. The JPAs were used to amplify the faint signals from the cavity. The JPAs were shielded from strong magnetic fields using a multilayer nested shield. The shield consisted of three layers: a superconducting NbTi alloy, a cryoperm alloy, and a superconducting Al alloy. The shield effectively reduced the magnetic field to below 100 nT when exposed to an external field ranging from 0 to 0.1 T. The JPAs were connected in parallel and serial configurations to extend their tuning range. The experiment used up to six JPAs, covering a total range of approximately 300 MHz from 1.2–1.5 GHz. The readout electronics included HEMT amplifiers, a three-junction circulator/isolator, and a series of HEMT amplifiers. The setup was designedA search for axion dark matter above 1 GHz was conducted using the CAPP's Main Axion eXperiment (CAPP-MAX). The experiment used a cavity resonant search to detect axions by converting them into microwave photons through their interaction with photons in a strong magnetic field. The frequency range explored was 1.025 GHz to 1.185 GHz (4.24 to 4.91 μeV). The CAPP-MAX experiment utilized a 12T superconducting magnet with a 320 mm aperture and a 37-liter copper cavity. A powerful dilution refrigerator kept the system below 40 mK, and quantum-noise-limited readout electronics achieved a total system noise of about 200 mK or lower. This enabled a background of roughly 4 × 10³ photons per second within the axion bandwidth. The combination of these improvements provided unprecedented search performance, imposing the most stringent exclusion limits on axion-photon coupling in this frequency range. The results suggest the experimental capability for highly-sensitive searches for axion dark matter above 1 GHz.
The experiment involved a 12T superconducting magnet, a cryogenic dilution refrigerator, and a microwave cavity with a high quality factor. The cavity was designed to have a high Q-factor and a volume of 37 liters, allowing for efficient conversion of axion dark matter into microwave photons. The cavity was tuned to resonate with the axion frequency range of 1.02–1.185 GHz. The cavity was constructed from OFHC copper and had a thickness of 0.5 mm for the side walls. The cavity was tuned using a rotating tuning rod, which allowed for precise adjustment of the resonance frequency. The cavity was cooled to a temperature of about 30 mK, which is one of the lowest temperatures achieved in axion experiments.
The readout electronics included flux-driven Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs), which are quantum noise-limited amplifiers. The JPAs were used to amplify the faint signals from the cavity. The JPAs were shielded from strong magnetic fields using a multilayer nested shield. The shield consisted of three layers: a superconducting NbTi alloy, a cryoperm alloy, and a superconducting Al alloy. The shield effectively reduced the magnetic field to below 100 nT when exposed to an external field ranging from 0 to 0.1 T. The JPAs were connected in parallel and serial configurations to extend their tuning range. The experiment used up to six JPAs, covering a total range of approximately 300 MHz from 1.2–1.5 GHz. The readout electronics included HEMT amplifiers, a three-junction circulator/isolator, and a series of HEMT amplifiers. The setup was designed