This article explores the significant role of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts. Fungi are ubiquitous in the biosphere and play a crucial role in decomposing and transforming various organic and inorganic substances. They are often the primary agents of biodeterioration, causing discoloration, staining, biofouling, and destruction of building components and artifacts. The article highlights the adaptability and resilience of fungi, which enable them to thrive in extreme conditions such as desiccation, UV radiation, salinity, and toxic substances. Fungi's ability to grow under nutrient-limited conditions and produce resistant cell forms allows them to survive and colonize solid substrates efficiently. The article also discusses the assessment methods for fungal biodeterioration, including microscopic observations, biochemical assays, and molecular techniques like DNA sequencing. These methods help identify the organisms involved and understand their mechanisms of action. Additionally, it covers the colonization and biofilm formation by fungi, which are crucial for their survival and growth on various surfaces. The text emphasizes the importance of lichens, particularly in outdoor environments, and their role in bioweathering and the formation of secondary minerals. The mechanisms of fungal biodeterioration are detailed, including the physical disruption of substrates through hyphal growth and the biochemical effects of fungal metabolism, such as the excretion of extracellular enzymes and organic acids. These processes can lead to the degradation of organic materials and the dissolution of rocks and minerals. The article concludes by discussing the impact of environmental factors and the complex interactions between fungi and other microorganisms in the biodeterioration process.This article explores the significant role of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts. Fungi are ubiquitous in the biosphere and play a crucial role in decomposing and transforming various organic and inorganic substances. They are often the primary agents of biodeterioration, causing discoloration, staining, biofouling, and destruction of building components and artifacts. The article highlights the adaptability and resilience of fungi, which enable them to thrive in extreme conditions such as desiccation, UV radiation, salinity, and toxic substances. Fungi's ability to grow under nutrient-limited conditions and produce resistant cell forms allows them to survive and colonize solid substrates efficiently. The article also discusses the assessment methods for fungal biodeterioration, including microscopic observations, biochemical assays, and molecular techniques like DNA sequencing. These methods help identify the organisms involved and understand their mechanisms of action. Additionally, it covers the colonization and biofilm formation by fungi, which are crucial for their survival and growth on various surfaces. The text emphasizes the importance of lichens, particularly in outdoor environments, and their role in bioweathering and the formation of secondary minerals. The mechanisms of fungal biodeterioration are detailed, including the physical disruption of substrates through hyphal growth and the biochemical effects of fungal metabolism, such as the excretion of extracellular enzymes and organic acids. These processes can lead to the degradation of organic materials and the dissolution of rocks and minerals. The article concludes by discussing the impact of environmental factors and the complex interactions between fungi and other microorganisms in the biodeterioration process.