This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the global burden of six common urologic diseases—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer—from 1990 to 2021. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, the study analyzes incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age, sex, location, and year. Key findings include: - **Incidence and Prevalence**: UTI had the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) at 5531.88 per 100,000 persons, while BPH had the highest age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) at 2782.59 per 100,000 persons. - **Mortality and DALYs**: Prostate cancer had the highest ASMR at 1263 per 100,000 persons and the highest ASDR at 217.83 per 100,000 persons. - **Trends**: From 1990 to 2021, UTI showed an upward trend in ASIR, while urolithiasis showed a downward trend. Bladder cancer and kidney cancer showed increasing trends in ASIR and ASPR, but declining trends in ASMR and ASDR. - **Socio-Demographic Index (SDI)**: Middle and low-middle SDI quintile levels exhibited higher incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs for BPH, UTI, and urolithiasis, while high and high-middle SDI quintile levels showed higher rates for bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers. - **Age and Sex Distribution**: BPH and urologic cancers were more prevalent in older age groups, with males being more affected by urolithiasis and females by UTI. Bladder and kidney cancers were predominantly male-biased. - **Attributable Risk Factors**: Smoking was a significant risk factor for bladder and prostate cancer, while high body mass index (BMI) and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene were associated with kidney cancer. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions and resource allocation to address the growing burden of urologic diseases, particularly in regions with lower SDI levels.This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the global burden of six common urologic diseases—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer—from 1990 to 2021. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, the study analyzes incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age, sex, location, and year. Key findings include: - **Incidence and Prevalence**: UTI had the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) at 5531.88 per 100,000 persons, while BPH had the highest age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) at 2782.59 per 100,000 persons. - **Mortality and DALYs**: Prostate cancer had the highest ASMR at 1263 per 100,000 persons and the highest ASDR at 217.83 per 100,000 persons. - **Trends**: From 1990 to 2021, UTI showed an upward trend in ASIR, while urolithiasis showed a downward trend. Bladder cancer and kidney cancer showed increasing trends in ASIR and ASPR, but declining trends in ASMR and ASDR. - **Socio-Demographic Index (SDI)**: Middle and low-middle SDI quintile levels exhibited higher incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs for BPH, UTI, and urolithiasis, while high and high-middle SDI quintile levels showed higher rates for bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers. - **Age and Sex Distribution**: BPH and urologic cancers were more prevalent in older age groups, with males being more affected by urolithiasis and females by UTI. Bladder and kidney cancers were predominantly male-biased. - **Attributable Risk Factors**: Smoking was a significant risk factor for bladder and prostate cancer, while high body mass index (BMI) and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene were associated with kidney cancer. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions and resource allocation to address the growing burden of urologic diseases, particularly in regions with lower SDI levels.