The paper presents a new method called Multiple Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (MSMC) for inferring human population size and separation history from multiple genome sequences. MSMC focuses on the first coalescence between any two individuals, allowing for more recent evolutionary history to be analyzed compared to previous methods. The authors test MSMC using simulated data and apply it to real-world whole-genome sequences from nine populations. The results suggest that the genetic separation of non-African ancestors from African Yoruban ancestors began before 50,000 years ago and provide insights into population separations as recent as 2,000 years ago, including the bottleneck in the peopling of the Americas and separations within Africa, East Asia, and Europe. The method is shown to be effective in inferring population size changes and genetic separations, providing a detailed picture of human demographic history over the last 200,000 years.The paper presents a new method called Multiple Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (MSMC) for inferring human population size and separation history from multiple genome sequences. MSMC focuses on the first coalescence between any two individuals, allowing for more recent evolutionary history to be analyzed compared to previous methods. The authors test MSMC using simulated data and apply it to real-world whole-genome sequences from nine populations. The results suggest that the genetic separation of non-African ancestors from African Yoruban ancestors began before 50,000 years ago and provide insights into population separations as recent as 2,000 years ago, including the bottleneck in the peopling of the Americas and separations within Africa, East Asia, and Europe. The method is shown to be effective in inferring population size changes and genetic separations, providing a detailed picture of human demographic history over the last 200,000 years.