This review explores the physiological, pathological, and treatment response differences in orthopedic conditions based on sex and gender. It emphasizes the importance of considering sex and gender in orthopedic care to improve treatment outcomes. The review highlights how hormonal differences affect the musculoskeletal system, leading to variations in disease prevalence, severity, and progression. For example, females have higher rates of certain deformities and osteoporosis, while males have higher rates of bone loss and fractures. The review also discusses the impact of sex and gender on treatment responses, including the need for gender-specific approaches in pain management, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation. It underscores the importance of incorporating sex and gender data into clinical practice to ensure personalized care. Additionally, the review addresses the unique needs of sexual minority and gender-diverse individuals, emphasizing the role of gender-affirming hormone therapy in orthopedic health. The study advocates for the strategic disaggregation of data by sex and gender and the inclusion of "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" (SOGI) data in research and clinical practice to enhance inclusivity and improve patient outcomes. The review also covers the management of orthopedic conditions in pregnant and lactating women, as well as in sexual minority individuals, highlighting the need for tailored care in these populations. Overall, the review stresses the importance of integrating sex and gender considerations into orthopedic research and practice to address the complex and varied needs of patients.This review explores the physiological, pathological, and treatment response differences in orthopedic conditions based on sex and gender. It emphasizes the importance of considering sex and gender in orthopedic care to improve treatment outcomes. The review highlights how hormonal differences affect the musculoskeletal system, leading to variations in disease prevalence, severity, and progression. For example, females have higher rates of certain deformities and osteoporosis, while males have higher rates of bone loss and fractures. The review also discusses the impact of sex and gender on treatment responses, including the need for gender-specific approaches in pain management, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation. It underscores the importance of incorporating sex and gender data into clinical practice to ensure personalized care. Additionally, the review addresses the unique needs of sexual minority and gender-diverse individuals, emphasizing the role of gender-affirming hormone therapy in orthopedic health. The study advocates for the strategic disaggregation of data by sex and gender and the inclusion of "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" (SOGI) data in research and clinical practice to enhance inclusivity and improve patient outcomes. The review also covers the management of orthopedic conditions in pregnant and lactating women, as well as in sexual minority individuals, highlighting the need for tailored care in these populations. Overall, the review stresses the importance of integrating sex and gender considerations into orthopedic research and practice to address the complex and varied needs of patients.