The article discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1 and GIP are incretins that regulate food intake, insulin secretion, and glucose metabolism. GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon release, while GIP has a glucagonotropic effect during hypoglycemia and promotes lipogenesis. Both incretins contribute to metabolic homeostasis, preventing hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and reducing cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Several GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists have been developed for diabetes treatment, with some showing effectiveness in weight management and cardiovascular disease prevention. Understanding their mechanisms could lead to more effective therapies. Clinical guidelines are evolving based on trial outcomes. GLP-1 and GIP are produced in the gastrointestinal tract and act on various tissues. GLP-1 is produced by L cells in the gut, while GIP is produced by K cells. Both have distinct receptors and signaling pathways. GLP-1 has a more potent insulinotropic effect than GIP. In T2DM, GLP-1 therapy improves glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. GIPR antagonists may help with weight loss, while GIPR agonists may aid in weight reduction. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists, like tirzepatide, show enhanced efficacy in glucose and weight management. GLP-1-based agents, such as exenatide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and semaglutide, are used for T2DM and obesity. Semaglutide is available as an oral formulation. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists, like tirzepatide, have shown significant improvements in glycemic control and weight reduction. The pharmacological effects of GIP, GLP-1, and their mimetics include enhancing insulin secretion, modulating glucagon release, acting on the satiety center, slowing gastric emptying, and regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. These effects help maintain glucose homeostasis and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. The article highlights the potential of these agents in treating T2DM, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.The article discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1 and GIP are incretins that regulate food intake, insulin secretion, and glucose metabolism. GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon release, while GIP has a glucagonotropic effect during hypoglycemia and promotes lipogenesis. Both incretins contribute to metabolic homeostasis, preventing hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and reducing cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Several GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists have been developed for diabetes treatment, with some showing effectiveness in weight management and cardiovascular disease prevention. Understanding their mechanisms could lead to more effective therapies. Clinical guidelines are evolving based on trial outcomes. GLP-1 and GIP are produced in the gastrointestinal tract and act on various tissues. GLP-1 is produced by L cells in the gut, while GIP is produced by K cells. Both have distinct receptors and signaling pathways. GLP-1 has a more potent insulinotropic effect than GIP. In T2DM, GLP-1 therapy improves glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. GIPR antagonists may help with weight loss, while GIPR agonists may aid in weight reduction. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists, like tirzepatide, show enhanced efficacy in glucose and weight management. GLP-1-based agents, such as exenatide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and semaglutide, are used for T2DM and obesity. Semaglutide is available as an oral formulation. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists, like tirzepatide, have shown significant improvements in glycemic control and weight reduction. The pharmacological effects of GIP, GLP-1, and their mimetics include enhancing insulin secretion, modulating glucagon release, acting on the satiety center, slowing gastric emptying, and regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. These effects help maintain glucose homeostasis and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. The article highlights the potential of these agents in treating T2DM, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.