The chapter discusses the challenges and future perspectives for testing and safety assessment of microbial pesticides, particularly in the context of human health. It highlights the increasing use of chemical pesticides and the need for sustainable alternatives, such as biopesticides. Microbial pesticides, which are less toxic, specific to target pests, and decompose quickly, are the most widely used class of biopesticides. However, they face disadvantages like lower efficacy and higher costs. The chapter outlines the regulatory processes in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US), emphasizing the data requirements for approval. It also addresses the need for specific guidelines for microbial pesticides, as existing OECD guidelines are not fully applicable. The chapter details the data requirements for active substances and formulations, including acute toxicity, pathogenicity, and genotoxicity studies. It proposes a two-step approach to reduce animal testing, focusing on infectivity and pathogenicity studies, and discusses the challenges and potential solutions for genotoxicity testing. Additionally, it explores the use of New Approach Methods (NAMs) for acute toxicity assessments, noting the limitations of current methods and the need for further evaluation. The chapter concludes with a call for further research and expert discussion to improve the safety assessment of microbial pesticides.The chapter discusses the challenges and future perspectives for testing and safety assessment of microbial pesticides, particularly in the context of human health. It highlights the increasing use of chemical pesticides and the need for sustainable alternatives, such as biopesticides. Microbial pesticides, which are less toxic, specific to target pests, and decompose quickly, are the most widely used class of biopesticides. However, they face disadvantages like lower efficacy and higher costs. The chapter outlines the regulatory processes in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US), emphasizing the data requirements for approval. It also addresses the need for specific guidelines for microbial pesticides, as existing OECD guidelines are not fully applicable. The chapter details the data requirements for active substances and formulations, including acute toxicity, pathogenicity, and genotoxicity studies. It proposes a two-step approach to reduce animal testing, focusing on infectivity and pathogenicity studies, and discusses the challenges and potential solutions for genotoxicity testing. Additionally, it explores the use of New Approach Methods (NAMs) for acute toxicity assessments, noting the limitations of current methods and the need for further evaluation. The chapter concludes with a call for further research and expert discussion to improve the safety assessment of microbial pesticides.