This article reviews surface modification techniques for titanium alloys in modern material science, focusing on their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. Titanium alloys are valued for their biocompatibility, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance, making them suitable for biomedical, aerospace, and other applications. They are classified into α, α+β, near-α, α+β, metastable β, and β alloys based on their microstructure. Surface treatment methods, such as machining, shot peening, and heat treatments like surface quenching, carburizing, and nitriding, are discussed. These methods can significantly improve the hardness and friction properties of titanium alloys. However, single treatments are often insufficient, and composite treatments combining multiple techniques are expected to be more widely used in the future. The article also discusses the properties and classifications of titanium alloys, including their corrosion resistance, heat resistance, low-temperature performance, high-strength characteristics, and special function alloys. Surface treatment techniques, such as mechanical processing, thermal treatments, and chemical treatments, are explored to enhance the mechanical, chemical, and surface properties of titanium alloys. Mechanical processing methods like shot peening and grinding are effective in improving surface quality and fatigue resistance. EDM is also used for difficult-to-machine materials like titanium alloys. The article concludes that surface modification techniques are crucial for enhancing the performance of titanium alloys in various industrial applications.This article reviews surface modification techniques for titanium alloys in modern material science, focusing on their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. Titanium alloys are valued for their biocompatibility, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance, making them suitable for biomedical, aerospace, and other applications. They are classified into α, α+β, near-α, α+β, metastable β, and β alloys based on their microstructure. Surface treatment methods, such as machining, shot peening, and heat treatments like surface quenching, carburizing, and nitriding, are discussed. These methods can significantly improve the hardness and friction properties of titanium alloys. However, single treatments are often insufficient, and composite treatments combining multiple techniques are expected to be more widely used in the future. The article also discusses the properties and classifications of titanium alloys, including their corrosion resistance, heat resistance, low-temperature performance, high-strength characteristics, and special function alloys. Surface treatment techniques, such as mechanical processing, thermal treatments, and chemical treatments, are explored to enhance the mechanical, chemical, and surface properties of titanium alloys. Mechanical processing methods like shot peening and grinding are effective in improving surface quality and fatigue resistance. EDM is also used for difficult-to-machine materials like titanium alloys. The article concludes that surface modification techniques are crucial for enhancing the performance of titanium alloys in various industrial applications.