This umbrella review summarizes the evidence from 13 meta-analyses on the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and metabolic disease risk. The review found that higher UPF consumption was significantly associated with increased risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hypertension. Specifically, the highest UPF consumption quantile was linked to a 1.55-fold increased risk of obesity and a 1.40-fold increased risk of T2DM compared to the lowest UPF consumption quantile. A 10% increase in UPF consumption was also associated with a 1.12-fold increased risk of T2DM. The associations were robust across various subgroup analyses, including by continent, study design, and dietary assessment methods. The review also found that UPF consumption was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome (MetS), though the evidence was weaker for these associations. The credibility of the associations was assessed using quantitative criteria, with some findings classified as highly suggestive evidence. However, the review also identified potential biases, such as excess significance bias, which may affect the interpretation of the results. The study highlights the need for further research to confirm these findings, particularly in populations where UPF consumption is lower, such as in Asia. The review emphasizes the importance of considering the definition of UPF and the units used to measure consumption, as these factors can influence the results. Additionally, the study notes that the majority of original studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) for dietary assessment, which may limit the accuracy of the results. Overall, the review suggests that UPF consumption may be a risk factor for several metabolic diseases, and reducing UPF intake could help lower the risk of these conditions. However, more well-designed studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between UPF consumption and metabolic disease risk.This umbrella review summarizes the evidence from 13 meta-analyses on the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and metabolic disease risk. The review found that higher UPF consumption was significantly associated with increased risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hypertension. Specifically, the highest UPF consumption quantile was linked to a 1.55-fold increased risk of obesity and a 1.40-fold increased risk of T2DM compared to the lowest UPF consumption quantile. A 10% increase in UPF consumption was also associated with a 1.12-fold increased risk of T2DM. The associations were robust across various subgroup analyses, including by continent, study design, and dietary assessment methods. The review also found that UPF consumption was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome (MetS), though the evidence was weaker for these associations. The credibility of the associations was assessed using quantitative criteria, with some findings classified as highly suggestive evidence. However, the review also identified potential biases, such as excess significance bias, which may affect the interpretation of the results. The study highlights the need for further research to confirm these findings, particularly in populations where UPF consumption is lower, such as in Asia. The review emphasizes the importance of considering the definition of UPF and the units used to measure consumption, as these factors can influence the results. Additionally, the study notes that the majority of original studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) for dietary assessment, which may limit the accuracy of the results. Overall, the review suggests that UPF consumption may be a risk factor for several metabolic diseases, and reducing UPF intake could help lower the risk of these conditions. However, more well-designed studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between UPF consumption and metabolic disease risk.