The article discusses the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. (p)ppGpp is a regulatory molecule that signals nutritional stress and influences gene expression and metabolism in bacteria. It is synthesized and degraded by enzymes such as RelA and SpoT, which are part of the RSH (Rel/Spo homologs) family. The regulation of (p)ppGpp levels is crucial for bacterial growth and survival, as it affects processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis. The article highlights the complex interactions between (p)ppGpp and various cellular processes, including the regulation of ribosomal number, DNA replication, and phage replication. It also discusses the role of (p)ppGpp in pathogenesis, where it influences bacterial virulence and survival in host environments. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding (p)ppGpp's regulatory mechanisms in bacteria, as it has implications for both basic research and potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. The review also notes that many fundamental questions about (p)ppGpp remain unanswered, underscoring the need for further research in this area.The article discusses the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. (p)ppGpp is a regulatory molecule that signals nutritional stress and influences gene expression and metabolism in bacteria. It is synthesized and degraded by enzymes such as RelA and SpoT, which are part of the RSH (Rel/Spo homologs) family. The regulation of (p)ppGpp levels is crucial for bacterial growth and survival, as it affects processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis. The article highlights the complex interactions between (p)ppGpp and various cellular processes, including the regulation of ribosomal number, DNA replication, and phage replication. It also discusses the role of (p)ppGpp in pathogenesis, where it influences bacterial virulence and survival in host environments. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding (p)ppGpp's regulatory mechanisms in bacteria, as it has implications for both basic research and potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. The review also notes that many fundamental questions about (p)ppGpp remain unanswered, underscoring the need for further research in this area.