The article reviews the rapid development of two-dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures, highlighting their unique properties and technological applications. 2D materials, such as graphene, have unique physics, including the absence of long-range order, 2D excitons, and commensurate-incommensurate transitions. These materials are being used to create novel heterostructure devices like tunneling transistors, resonant tunneling diodes, and light-emitting diodes. The article discusses the electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), which exhibit a range of electronic behaviors from insulating to metallic, and their potential for phase transitions and superconductivity. It also covers the assembly techniques for van der Waals heterostructures, including mechanical assembly and sequential growth methods, and explores their applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and plasmonic devices. The article emphasizes the importance of materials like hBN as insulating layers and substrates, and the potential for using liquid phase exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition for scalable manufacturing.The article reviews the rapid development of two-dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures, highlighting their unique properties and technological applications. 2D materials, such as graphene, have unique physics, including the absence of long-range order, 2D excitons, and commensurate-incommensurate transitions. These materials are being used to create novel heterostructure devices like tunneling transistors, resonant tunneling diodes, and light-emitting diodes. The article discusses the electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), which exhibit a range of electronic behaviors from insulating to metallic, and their potential for phase transitions and superconductivity. It also covers the assembly techniques for van der Waals heterostructures, including mechanical assembly and sequential growth methods, and explores their applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and plasmonic devices. The article emphasizes the importance of materials like hBN as insulating layers and substrates, and the potential for using liquid phase exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition for scalable manufacturing.