This review summarizes recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) neuromorphic devices and their multifunctional applications. 2D materials, with their unique properties and atomic-scale thickness, are promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware. The review discusses the synthesis and micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures. It then explores the recent developments of neuromorphic 2D devices, focusing on their operating principles and multifunctional applications, including neuromorphic visual, auditory, tactile, and nociceptive systems. The review also addresses the challenges and future directions for 2D neuromorphic device development. The paper provides insights into the design and application of 2D neuromorphic devices in future neuromorphic systems. 2D materials offer a favorable foundation for the development of various synaptic devices due to their atomic-level thickness and sensitivity to environmental stimuli. 2D neuromorphic devices can be classified into two-terminal and three-terminal devices, depending on the number and type of terminals. The review highlights the working mechanisms of 2D material-based neuromorphic devices, including conductive filament formation, phase transition, and vacancy migration. The review also discusses the development of optoelectronic synaptic devices, which can emulate the important synaptic behaviors and functions of the retina. The review concludes with a discussion of the future prospects for 2D neuromorphic devices.This review summarizes recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) neuromorphic devices and their multifunctional applications. 2D materials, with their unique properties and atomic-scale thickness, are promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware. The review discusses the synthesis and micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures. It then explores the recent developments of neuromorphic 2D devices, focusing on their operating principles and multifunctional applications, including neuromorphic visual, auditory, tactile, and nociceptive systems. The review also addresses the challenges and future directions for 2D neuromorphic device development. The paper provides insights into the design and application of 2D neuromorphic devices in future neuromorphic systems. 2D materials offer a favorable foundation for the development of various synaptic devices due to their atomic-level thickness and sensitivity to environmental stimuli. 2D neuromorphic devices can be classified into two-terminal and three-terminal devices, depending on the number and type of terminals. The review highlights the working mechanisms of 2D material-based neuromorphic devices, including conductive filament formation, phase transition, and vacancy migration. The review also discusses the development of optoelectronic synaptic devices, which can emulate the important synaptic behaviors and functions of the retina. The review concludes with a discussion of the future prospects for 2D neuromorphic devices.