4D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving field that combines 3D bioprinting with smart materials and design to create dynamic, programmable tissues and organs. This review discusses the principles, technologies, materials, and applications of 4D bioprinting, highlighting its potential in biomedical research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. 4D bioprinting involves the use of smart biomaterials that can change shape or function in response to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, or light. The key technologies for 4D bioprinting include micro extrusion-based bioprinting (MEB), inkjet bioprinting, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB). Each of these technologies has unique advantages and challenges in terms of resolution, speed, and cell viability. Smart biomaterials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape morphing hydrogels (SMHs) are essential for achieving the dynamic properties of 4D bioprinted constructs. These materials can be programmed to respond to specific stimuli, enabling the creation of tissues and organs with complex, functional properties. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions of 4D bioprinting, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to fully realize its potential in biomedical applications.4D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving field that combines 3D bioprinting with smart materials and design to create dynamic, programmable tissues and organs. This review discusses the principles, technologies, materials, and applications of 4D bioprinting, highlighting its potential in biomedical research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. 4D bioprinting involves the use of smart biomaterials that can change shape or function in response to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, or light. The key technologies for 4D bioprinting include micro extrusion-based bioprinting (MEB), inkjet bioprinting, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB). Each of these technologies has unique advantages and challenges in terms of resolution, speed, and cell viability. Smart biomaterials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape morphing hydrogels (SMHs) are essential for achieving the dynamic properties of 4D bioprinted constructs. These materials can be programmed to respond to specific stimuli, enabling the creation of tissues and organs with complex, functional properties. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions of 4D bioprinting, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to fully realize its potential in biomedical applications.