This review article focuses on the application of 3D printing technology in the production of bone repair scaffolds, which are crucial for treating bone defects. Bone defects, often caused by tumor removal, deformities, sports injuries, and infections, pose significant challenges in orthopedics. Traditional treatments like bone grafting have limitations, including the scarcity of bone graft sources and potential immune responses. Bone tissue engineering, particularly through the use of scaffolds, offers a promising solution by mimicking the extracellular matrix and promoting the formation of new bone tissue. The article categorizes 3D-printed scaffolds into two types: single-component and composite scaffolds. Single-component scaffolds, made from materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, are analyzed for their mechanical and biological properties. Composite scaffolds, which combine two or more biomaterials, are also discussed for their enhanced biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and structural similarity to natural bone. Key 3D printing techniques, including selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct ink writing (DIW), are reviewed for their advantages and limitations. The article highlights the importance of post-printing processes, such as support structure removal, surface coating, and material property modification, to improve scaffold performance. The review provides a comprehensive overview of various materials used in 3D-printed scaffolds, including metallic biomaterials like stainless steel and titanium, ceramic materials like hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), bioactive glasses, and polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL). Each material's properties, advantages, and applications in bone repair are detailed. Additionally, the article explores the use of nanofiber scaffolds, which enhance biocompatibility and facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation. The incorporation of nanocellulose into scaffolds is highlighted for its ability to improve crystallinity and slow down degradation. Composite scaffolds, particularly those combining bioceramic bone cement and polymers, are discussed for their improved mechanical properties and osteogenic potential. The article concludes with a discussion on the challenges and future research directions in the field of 3D-printed bone repair scaffolds, emphasizing the need for further advancements in material science and engineering to enhance the effectiveness of these scaffolds in bone regeneration.This review article focuses on the application of 3D printing technology in the production of bone repair scaffolds, which are crucial for treating bone defects. Bone defects, often caused by tumor removal, deformities, sports injuries, and infections, pose significant challenges in orthopedics. Traditional treatments like bone grafting have limitations, including the scarcity of bone graft sources and potential immune responses. Bone tissue engineering, particularly through the use of scaffolds, offers a promising solution by mimicking the extracellular matrix and promoting the formation of new bone tissue. The article categorizes 3D-printed scaffolds into two types: single-component and composite scaffolds. Single-component scaffolds, made from materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, are analyzed for their mechanical and biological properties. Composite scaffolds, which combine two or more biomaterials, are also discussed for their enhanced biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and structural similarity to natural bone. Key 3D printing techniques, including selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct ink writing (DIW), are reviewed for their advantages and limitations. The article highlights the importance of post-printing processes, such as support structure removal, surface coating, and material property modification, to improve scaffold performance. The review provides a comprehensive overview of various materials used in 3D-printed scaffolds, including metallic biomaterials like stainless steel and titanium, ceramic materials like hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), bioactive glasses, and polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL). Each material's properties, advantages, and applications in bone repair are detailed. Additionally, the article explores the use of nanofiber scaffolds, which enhance biocompatibility and facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation. The incorporation of nanocellulose into scaffolds is highlighted for its ability to improve crystallinity and slow down degradation. Composite scaffolds, particularly those combining bioceramic bone cement and polymers, are discussed for their improved mechanical properties and osteogenic potential. The article concludes with a discussion on the challenges and future research directions in the field of 3D-printed bone repair scaffolds, emphasizing the need for further advancements in material science and engineering to enhance the effectiveness of these scaffolds in bone regeneration.