Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The disease affects over six million people worldwide and is marked by a slow progression. Its etiology includes environmental, genomic, and epigenetic factors. Therapeutic approaches encompass pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical interventions. Traditional pharmacological treatments include drugs like MAOIs, DA, and levodopa, while emerging evidence explores antidiabetic agents and gene therapy. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as exercise, a calcium-rich diet, and vitamin D supplementation, aim to slow disease progression and prevent complications. Surgical options, such as deep brain stimulation, are considered for patients with medically induced side effects or refractory symptoms. Deep brain stimulation, particularly targeting the globus pallidus internus (GPI) and subthalamic nucleus (STN), effectively reduces dyskinesias and improves motor symptoms. Continuous infusion therapies, such as levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion (LCIG) and subcutaneous infusion, provide more stable medication levels, reducing "off" time and improving symptom control. Gene therapy and personalized medicine, including pluripotent stem cell transplantation and targeted gene expression, show promise but face challenges in clinical translation. Exercise and lifestyle changes are also recommended to enhance functional capacity and slow disease progression. Despite advancements, further research is needed to optimize treatments and provide suitable alternatives.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The disease affects over six million people worldwide and is marked by a slow progression. Its etiology includes environmental, genomic, and epigenetic factors. Therapeutic approaches encompass pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical interventions. Traditional pharmacological treatments include drugs like MAOIs, DA, and levodopa, while emerging evidence explores antidiabetic agents and gene therapy. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as exercise, a calcium-rich diet, and vitamin D supplementation, aim to slow disease progression and prevent complications. Surgical options, such as deep brain stimulation, are considered for patients with medically induced side effects or refractory symptoms. Deep brain stimulation, particularly targeting the globus pallidus internus (GPI) and subthalamic nucleus (STN), effectively reduces dyskinesias and improves motor symptoms. Continuous infusion therapies, such as levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion (LCIG) and subcutaneous infusion, provide more stable medication levels, reducing "off" time and improving symptom control. Gene therapy and personalized medicine, including pluripotent stem cell transplantation and targeted gene expression, show promise but face challenges in clinical translation. Exercise and lifestyle changes are also recommended to enhance functional capacity and slow disease progression. Despite advancements, further research is needed to optimize treatments and provide suitable alternatives.