This review explores the application of nanotechnology in oil and gas well drilling operations, highlighting its potential to enhance drilling efficiency, improve oil recovery, and reduce environmental impacts. Nanoparticles, due to their unique properties such as high surface-to-area ratios and tunable characteristics, are being integrated into drilling fluids and equipment to address challenges in drilling, reservoir characterization, and wellbore stability. The review discusses the use of nanoparticles in drilling fluids to improve rheological properties, filtration control, and thermal stability, as well as their role in enhancing oil recovery through improved fluid mobility and wettability. It also examines the challenges associated with nanoparticle stability, dispersion, and environmental impact, emphasizing the need for further research to develop scalable manufacturing processes and assess long-term environmental effects. The review highlights the potential of nanotechnology in creating more efficient and environmentally friendly drilling practices, including the use of nanocomposite materials in drilling equipment and advanced reservoir characterization tools. Despite the promising applications, the high cost and limited availability of nanoparticles remain significant barriers to their widespread adoption. The review concludes that nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the oil and gas industry by improving drilling efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and enhancing overall performance.This review explores the application of nanotechnology in oil and gas well drilling operations, highlighting its potential to enhance drilling efficiency, improve oil recovery, and reduce environmental impacts. Nanoparticles, due to their unique properties such as high surface-to-area ratios and tunable characteristics, are being integrated into drilling fluids and equipment to address challenges in drilling, reservoir characterization, and wellbore stability. The review discusses the use of nanoparticles in drilling fluids to improve rheological properties, filtration control, and thermal stability, as well as their role in enhancing oil recovery through improved fluid mobility and wettability. It also examines the challenges associated with nanoparticle stability, dispersion, and environmental impact, emphasizing the need for further research to develop scalable manufacturing processes and assess long-term environmental effects. The review highlights the potential of nanotechnology in creating more efficient and environmentally friendly drilling practices, including the use of nanocomposite materials in drilling equipment and advanced reservoir characterization tools. Despite the promising applications, the high cost and limited availability of nanoparticles remain significant barriers to their widespread adoption. The review concludes that nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the oil and gas industry by improving drilling efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and enhancing overall performance.