This comprehensive review explores the application of nanotechnology in oil and gas well drilling operations, highlighting its potential to address major challenges and enhance drilling effectiveness. The authors discuss the use of nanotechnology in various aspects of drilling, including real-time monitoring, innovative materials, drilling fluids, and reservoir characterization. Key topics include the improvement of drilling fluid properties through the addition of nanoparticles, such as enhanced lubricity, thermal stability, and filtration control. The review also examines the environmental impact of nanotechnology, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of nanoparticle stability, dispersion, and potential environmental effects. Additionally, it highlights the advancements in drilling equipment and materials, such as nanocomposite materials that improve mechanical strength and wear resistance. The paper concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry, while also noting the ongoing research needed to scale up manufacturing procedures and determine long-term environmental impacts.This comprehensive review explores the application of nanotechnology in oil and gas well drilling operations, highlighting its potential to address major challenges and enhance drilling effectiveness. The authors discuss the use of nanotechnology in various aspects of drilling, including real-time monitoring, innovative materials, drilling fluids, and reservoir characterization. Key topics include the improvement of drilling fluid properties through the addition of nanoparticles, such as enhanced lubricity, thermal stability, and filtration control. The review also examines the environmental impact of nanotechnology, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of nanoparticle stability, dispersion, and potential environmental effects. Additionally, it highlights the advancements in drilling equipment and materials, such as nanocomposite materials that improve mechanical strength and wear resistance. The paper concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry, while also noting the ongoing research needed to scale up manufacturing procedures and determine long-term environmental impacts.