This paper provides a comprehensive review of thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, focusing on their application in solar heating, cooling, and energy efficiency. TES systems store thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium, allowing the energy to be used later for heating, cooling, or power generation. The review discusses various TES technologies, including sensible heat storage (SHS), latent heat storage (LHS) using phase-change materials (PCMs), and thermo-chemical storage. SHS technologies such as water tanks, underground storage, and packed-bed storage are analyzed, along with their advantages and limitations. LHS systems using PCMs are highlighted for their high energy density and isothermal storage characteristics, with a focus on their use in solar heating and cooling applications. The review also covers the performance and costs of TES systems, emphasizing their role in reducing energy demand and improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems. The paper discusses the classification and characteristics of storage systems, including capacity, power, efficiency, storage period, and cost. It also explores the use of PCMs in building applications, their properties, and containment methods. The review concludes with the importance of TES in sustainable energy systems and the need for further research and development to optimize their performance and reduce costs.This paper provides a comprehensive review of thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, focusing on their application in solar heating, cooling, and energy efficiency. TES systems store thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium, allowing the energy to be used later for heating, cooling, or power generation. The review discusses various TES technologies, including sensible heat storage (SHS), latent heat storage (LHS) using phase-change materials (PCMs), and thermo-chemical storage. SHS technologies such as water tanks, underground storage, and packed-bed storage are analyzed, along with their advantages and limitations. LHS systems using PCMs are highlighted for their high energy density and isothermal storage characteristics, with a focus on their use in solar heating and cooling applications. The review also covers the performance and costs of TES systems, emphasizing their role in reducing energy demand and improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems. The paper discusses the classification and characteristics of storage systems, including capacity, power, efficiency, storage period, and cost. It also explores the use of PCMs in building applications, their properties, and containment methods. The review concludes with the importance of TES in sustainable energy systems and the need for further research and development to optimize their performance and reduce costs.