This review explores the complex relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and inflammation, highlighting how dietary components influence gut microbiota composition and function, and subsequently affect inflammatory pathways. The gut microbiota, a dynamic community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in digestion, metabolism, and immune function. Diet significantly impacts the gut microbiota, with different dietary patterns leading to distinct microbial communities. Beneficial diets, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD) and plant-based diets, promote a diverse and balanced gut microbiota, supporting anti-inflammatory pathways. Conversely, the Western diet (WD), high in saturated fats and refined sugars, is associated with dysbiosis and increased inflammation. The review discusses the mechanisms by which dietary components, including macronutrients and micronutrients, influence gut microbiota composition and function, and the therapeutic implications of modulating this axis for chronic inflammatory disease prevention and management. It also examines the role of prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, and resistant starch in maintaining gut health and reducing inflammation. The review underscores the importance of understanding the triangular relationship among diet, gut microbiota, and inflammation to develop effective strategies for improving health outcomes.This review explores the complex relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and inflammation, highlighting how dietary components influence gut microbiota composition and function, and subsequently affect inflammatory pathways. The gut microbiota, a dynamic community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in digestion, metabolism, and immune function. Diet significantly impacts the gut microbiota, with different dietary patterns leading to distinct microbial communities. Beneficial diets, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD) and plant-based diets, promote a diverse and balanced gut microbiota, supporting anti-inflammatory pathways. Conversely, the Western diet (WD), high in saturated fats and refined sugars, is associated with dysbiosis and increased inflammation. The review discusses the mechanisms by which dietary components, including macronutrients and micronutrients, influence gut microbiota composition and function, and the therapeutic implications of modulating this axis for chronic inflammatory disease prevention and management. It also examines the role of prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, and resistant starch in maintaining gut health and reducing inflammation. The review underscores the importance of understanding the triangular relationship among diet, gut microbiota, and inflammation to develop effective strategies for improving health outcomes.