The paper reviews the relationship between transport and economic development in Poland and the UK from 1960 to the present. It traces the evolution of theoretical frameworks and research, highlighting how these influenced policy and practice. The New Economic Geography (NEG) and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models have been key in shaping transport policy, with the UK adopting a more politically neutral approach compared to Poland. In the UK, research showed that transport investment had limited direct economic benefits, but could contribute to regional development through indirect means. In Poland, research was initially influenced by UK studies, but the country's unique context and political dynamics led to different outcomes. The paper notes that while improved accessibility is necessary for regional development, it is not sufficient, and policy makers must ensure that conditions are in place for transport investments to yield benefits. The UK's experience with transport and economic development has been more extensive, with a focus on integrated transport policies and the use of CGE models. In contrast, Poland's research has been more limited, with a focus on motorway development and its economic impact. The paper concludes that while NEG and CGE models provide valuable insights, their applicability varies depending on local circumstances, and more research is needed to understand the specific impacts of transport investment in Poland. The study highlights the importance of considering regional differences and the need for tailored approaches to transport and economic development policies.The paper reviews the relationship between transport and economic development in Poland and the UK from 1960 to the present. It traces the evolution of theoretical frameworks and research, highlighting how these influenced policy and practice. The New Economic Geography (NEG) and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models have been key in shaping transport policy, with the UK adopting a more politically neutral approach compared to Poland. In the UK, research showed that transport investment had limited direct economic benefits, but could contribute to regional development through indirect means. In Poland, research was initially influenced by UK studies, but the country's unique context and political dynamics led to different outcomes. The paper notes that while improved accessibility is necessary for regional development, it is not sufficient, and policy makers must ensure that conditions are in place for transport investments to yield benefits. The UK's experience with transport and economic development has been more extensive, with a focus on integrated transport policies and the use of CGE models. In contrast, Poland's research has been more limited, with a focus on motorway development and its economic impact. The paper concludes that while NEG and CGE models provide valuable insights, their applicability varies depending on local circumstances, and more research is needed to understand the specific impacts of transport investment in Poland. The study highlights the importance of considering regional differences and the need for tailored approaches to transport and economic development policies.