A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory

A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory

June 2001 | Jane Lessiter, Jonathan Freeman, Edmund Keogh, Jules Davidoff
The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI) is a new cross-media presence measure developed to assess users' experiences with various media formats. Based on previous research on presence determinants and self-report measures, the ITC-SOPI focuses on users' subjective experiences without reference to objective system parameters. Over 600 participants completed the ITC-SOPI after experiencing different media formats, and exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors: Sense of Physical Space, Engagement, Ecological Validity, and Negative Effects. These factors were found to be reliable and valid, though further testing is needed. The ITC-SOPI is designed to be applicable across different media systems, including noninteractive and interactive environments. The four factors were validated across various media formats, showing sensitivity to media form and content. The first factor, Sense of Physical Space, was found to be influenced by media form variables, while Engagement was related to user involvement and enjoyment. Ecological Validity was associated with the believability and realism of the content, and Negative Effects were linked to adverse physiological reactions. The ITC-SOPI is a useful tool for presence research, enabling comparisons across different media systems and laboratories. However, further validation and testing are required to confirm its psychometric properties and applicability to interactive virtual environments. The ITC-SOPI is currently used in ten laboratories worldwide and is available for research purposes upon approval.The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI) is a new cross-media presence measure developed to assess users' experiences with various media formats. Based on previous research on presence determinants and self-report measures, the ITC-SOPI focuses on users' subjective experiences without reference to objective system parameters. Over 600 participants completed the ITC-SOPI after experiencing different media formats, and exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors: Sense of Physical Space, Engagement, Ecological Validity, and Negative Effects. These factors were found to be reliable and valid, though further testing is needed. The ITC-SOPI is designed to be applicable across different media systems, including noninteractive and interactive environments. The four factors were validated across various media formats, showing sensitivity to media form and content. The first factor, Sense of Physical Space, was found to be influenced by media form variables, while Engagement was related to user involvement and enjoyment. Ecological Validity was associated with the believability and realism of the content, and Negative Effects were linked to adverse physiological reactions. The ITC-SOPI is a useful tool for presence research, enabling comparisons across different media systems and laboratories. However, further validation and testing are required to confirm its psychometric properties and applicability to interactive virtual environments. The ITC-SOPI is currently used in ten laboratories worldwide and is available for research purposes upon approval.
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