The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the largest disruption to education systems in history, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners across more than 200 countries. School closures and social distancing measures have significantly impacted traditional educational practices, leading to a shift towards online learning. This article reviews the impact of the pandemic on online teaching and learning, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by this transition. Key challenges include limited infrastructure, teacher training, equity issues, and the need for innovative pedagogy. Despite these challenges, the pandemic has provided an opportunity to explore digital learning and improve educational tools. The article also discusses the psychological and social impacts on students, the importance of parental support, and the need for policy interventions to ensure accessibility and affordability. The conclusion emphasizes the need for professional development for teachers, the continued use of online tools post-pandemic, and the importance of research into effective online teaching methods.The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the largest disruption to education systems in history, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners across more than 200 countries. School closures and social distancing measures have significantly impacted traditional educational practices, leading to a shift towards online learning. This article reviews the impact of the pandemic on online teaching and learning, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by this transition. Key challenges include limited infrastructure, teacher training, equity issues, and the need for innovative pedagogy. Despite these challenges, the pandemic has provided an opportunity to explore digital learning and improve educational tools. The article also discusses the psychological and social impacts on students, the importance of parental support, and the need for policy interventions to ensure accessibility and affordability. The conclusion emphasizes the need for professional development for teachers, the continued use of online tools post-pandemic, and the importance of research into effective online teaching methods.