This review article discusses brain-inspired cognition and navigation technology for mobile robots, focusing on the integration of environmental perception, spatial cognition, and target navigation. It highlights the use of biological mechanisms such as place cells, grid cells, and head direction cells to simulate animal brain navigation. The paper presents a systematic study of brain-inspired environment perception, spatial cognition, and goal-based navigation, providing a new classification of brain-inspired cognition and navigation techniques and a theoretical basis for future experimental studies. It also discusses the advantages of brain-inspired navigation, including low energy consumption, high robustness, and strong resilience in unknown and complex environments. The paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to advance brain-inspired navigation technology. It reviews the biological mechanisms of brain-inspired navigation, including the roles of place cells, grid cells, and head direction cells in spatial cognition and navigation. It also discusses the application of brain-inspired navigation in environmental perception, spatial cognition, and goal-based navigation, highlighting the use of various sensors and machine learning techniques to improve navigation performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of future directions for brain-inspired navigation technology, including the integration of more perfect brain-inspired mechanisms to improve generalization ability and the application of brain-inspired navigation in large-scale distributed intelligent body cluster navigation.This review article discusses brain-inspired cognition and navigation technology for mobile robots, focusing on the integration of environmental perception, spatial cognition, and target navigation. It highlights the use of biological mechanisms such as place cells, grid cells, and head direction cells to simulate animal brain navigation. The paper presents a systematic study of brain-inspired environment perception, spatial cognition, and goal-based navigation, providing a new classification of brain-inspired cognition and navigation techniques and a theoretical basis for future experimental studies. It also discusses the advantages of brain-inspired navigation, including low energy consumption, high robustness, and strong resilience in unknown and complex environments. The paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to advance brain-inspired navigation technology. It reviews the biological mechanisms of brain-inspired navigation, including the roles of place cells, grid cells, and head direction cells in spatial cognition and navigation. It also discusses the application of brain-inspired navigation in environmental perception, spatial cognition, and goal-based navigation, highlighting the use of various sensors and machine learning techniques to improve navigation performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of future directions for brain-inspired navigation technology, including the integration of more perfect brain-inspired mechanisms to improve generalization ability and the application of brain-inspired navigation in large-scale distributed intelligent body cluster navigation.