This review discusses the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various medical fields, highlighting their versatility and potential for improving therapeutic outcomes. CNTs, with their unique mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, have been explored for pathogen detection, environmental protection, food safety, and disease diagnosis and treatment. They are particularly useful in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering due to their ability to enhance biocompatibility and facilitate the interaction with biological molecules. The review covers several key areas: 1. **Functionalization and Biocompatibility**: CNTs are often functionalized to improve their biocompatibility and solubility in biological environments. This process involves the attachment of functional groups, such as carboxyl groups, which enhance their interaction with biological molecules and improve their stability in aqueous solutions. 2. **Tissue Engineering**: CNTs have shown promise in promoting tissue regeneration, particularly in cardiac and bone tissues. They can enhance the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of scaffolds, facilitating cell growth and differentiation. 3. **Biosensors**: CNTs are used in biosensors for detecting various biomarkers and pathogens, including tumor markers, infectious agents, and disease-specific proteins. Their high sensitivity and selectivity make them valuable tools in clinical diagnostics. 4. **Chemical Sensors**: CNTs are effective in monitoring drugs, glucose levels, and endogenous biological molecules. They can detect low concentrations of substances with high sensitivity and specificity. 5. **Photosensitizers in Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies**: CNTs can act as photosensitizers in PTT and PDT, enhancing the effectiveness of cancer treatments by converting light into heat or generating reactive oxygen species. Despite the significant advancements, the review also notes the need for further research on the biocompatibility of CNTs and standardized studies to ensure their safe and effective use in medical applications. The authors emphasize the potential of CNTs in advancing medical technologies and improving patient outcomes, but caution that more studies are required to fully understand their long-term effects.This review discusses the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various medical fields, highlighting their versatility and potential for improving therapeutic outcomes. CNTs, with their unique mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, have been explored for pathogen detection, environmental protection, food safety, and disease diagnosis and treatment. They are particularly useful in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering due to their ability to enhance biocompatibility and facilitate the interaction with biological molecules. The review covers several key areas: 1. **Functionalization and Biocompatibility**: CNTs are often functionalized to improve their biocompatibility and solubility in biological environments. This process involves the attachment of functional groups, such as carboxyl groups, which enhance their interaction with biological molecules and improve their stability in aqueous solutions. 2. **Tissue Engineering**: CNTs have shown promise in promoting tissue regeneration, particularly in cardiac and bone tissues. They can enhance the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of scaffolds, facilitating cell growth and differentiation. 3. **Biosensors**: CNTs are used in biosensors for detecting various biomarkers and pathogens, including tumor markers, infectious agents, and disease-specific proteins. Their high sensitivity and selectivity make them valuable tools in clinical diagnostics. 4. **Chemical Sensors**: CNTs are effective in monitoring drugs, glucose levels, and endogenous biological molecules. They can detect low concentrations of substances with high sensitivity and specificity. 5. **Photosensitizers in Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies**: CNTs can act as photosensitizers in PTT and PDT, enhancing the effectiveness of cancer treatments by converting light into heat or generating reactive oxygen species. Despite the significant advancements, the review also notes the need for further research on the biocompatibility of CNTs and standardized studies to ensure their safe and effective use in medical applications. The authors emphasize the potential of CNTs in advancing medical technologies and improving patient outcomes, but caution that more studies are required to fully understand their long-term effects.