This survey, authored by Samira Afzal and others, focuses on the energy consumption and environmental impact of video streaming. It highlights the significant role of video streaming in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in the context of increasing demand due to remote work, multimedia communication services, and high-resolution content. The survey aims to provide insights into sustainable and efficient video streaming technologies by examining the state-of-the-art and future research directions. Key areas of focus include content provisioning (encoding, storage) and content consumption (retrieval, decoding, display). The authors identify several challenges, such as fixed bitrate ladders in HTTP live streaming, inefficient hardware utilization, and the lack of comprehensive open energy measurement datasets. They propose a taxonomy of factors affecting energy consumption, including encoding schemes, resource requirements, storage, content retrieval, decoding, and display. The survey also discusses existing tools and datasets for measuring energy consumption and carbon emissions, and outlines research issues and directions for advancing energy-efficient and sustainable video streaming.This survey, authored by Samira Afzal and others, focuses on the energy consumption and environmental impact of video streaming. It highlights the significant role of video streaming in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in the context of increasing demand due to remote work, multimedia communication services, and high-resolution content. The survey aims to provide insights into sustainable and efficient video streaming technologies by examining the state-of-the-art and future research directions. Key areas of focus include content provisioning (encoding, storage) and content consumption (retrieval, decoding, display). The authors identify several challenges, such as fixed bitrate ladders in HTTP live streaming, inefficient hardware utilization, and the lack of comprehensive open energy measurement datasets. They propose a taxonomy of factors affecting energy consumption, including encoding schemes, resource requirements, storage, content retrieval, decoding, and display. The survey also discusses existing tools and datasets for measuring energy consumption and carbon emissions, and outlines research issues and directions for advancing energy-efficient and sustainable video streaming.