This systematic review examines the impact of financial technology (Fintech) on bank profitability, focusing on both bank-level and country-level metrics. The study evaluates 28 articles from Web of Science and Scopus databases, covering the period from August 2019 to August 2023. Key findings include: 1. **Fintech Measures at Bank and Country Levels**: - **Bank-Level Measures**: Digitalization, ATM ratio, electronic payments, Fintech services, mobile banking, and IT investments are significant indicators of Fintech adoption. - **Country-Level Measures**: Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending, Third-Party Payment (TPP), Crowdfunding, Shadow Banking, and Cloud Computing are prominent Fintech entities. 2. **Determinants of Profitability**: - **Bank-Specific Variables**: Bank size, non-performing loans (NPLs), liquidity, cost-to-income ratio (CTI), loss loan provision (LLP), bank leverage, shareholder equity, and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) influence profitability. - **Country-Specific Variables**: GDP, inflation, bank concentration, and economic growth impact profitability. 3. **Theoretical Frameworks**: - **Consumer Theory and Disruptive Innovation Theory** are prominent frameworks, highlighting the role of new technologies in market competition and consumer demand. - **Solow’s Paradox Theory**, Agency Theory, Financial Innovation Theory, Structure–Conduct–Performance Theory, and Transaction Cost Theory are also utilized to understand the dynamics between Fintech and profitability. 4. **Future Research Recommendations**: - **Theoretical**: Future research should explore the impact of agency costs, transaction costs, and governance mechanisms on bank profitability. - **Contextual**: More studies are needed in developing countries, particularly those with large populations, and comparative analyses between developed and developing markets. - **Constructs**: Additional research should focus on the relationship between Fintech and profitability during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the role of digitalization in cost reduction and efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature and identifies gaps and directions for future research, offering insights for academics, banking professionals, and policymakers.This systematic review examines the impact of financial technology (Fintech) on bank profitability, focusing on both bank-level and country-level metrics. The study evaluates 28 articles from Web of Science and Scopus databases, covering the period from August 2019 to August 2023. Key findings include: 1. **Fintech Measures at Bank and Country Levels**: - **Bank-Level Measures**: Digitalization, ATM ratio, electronic payments, Fintech services, mobile banking, and IT investments are significant indicators of Fintech adoption. - **Country-Level Measures**: Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending, Third-Party Payment (TPP), Crowdfunding, Shadow Banking, and Cloud Computing are prominent Fintech entities. 2. **Determinants of Profitability**: - **Bank-Specific Variables**: Bank size, non-performing loans (NPLs), liquidity, cost-to-income ratio (CTI), loss loan provision (LLP), bank leverage, shareholder equity, and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) influence profitability. - **Country-Specific Variables**: GDP, inflation, bank concentration, and economic growth impact profitability. 3. **Theoretical Frameworks**: - **Consumer Theory and Disruptive Innovation Theory** are prominent frameworks, highlighting the role of new technologies in market competition and consumer demand. - **Solow’s Paradox Theory**, Agency Theory, Financial Innovation Theory, Structure–Conduct–Performance Theory, and Transaction Cost Theory are also utilized to understand the dynamics between Fintech and profitability. 4. **Future Research Recommendations**: - **Theoretical**: Future research should explore the impact of agency costs, transaction costs, and governance mechanisms on bank profitability. - **Contextual**: More studies are needed in developing countries, particularly those with large populations, and comparative analyses between developed and developing markets. - **Constructs**: Additional research should focus on the relationship between Fintech and profitability during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the role of digitalization in cost reduction and efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature and identifies gaps and directions for future research, offering insights for academics, banking professionals, and policymakers.