This article provides a critical review of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems, focusing on their degradation mechanisms and removal strategies. MPs, which range from 0.05 to 5 mm in size, pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their ingestion by various marine organisms and eventual entry into the food chain. The review highlights the importance of developing effective MP removal technologies, particularly those combining physical and chemical pretreatments with microbial degradation. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and specific enzymes are being leveraged in MP remediation efforts. Recent advancements include innovative methods like membrane bioreactors, synthetic biology, organosilane-based techniques, biofilm-mediated remediation, and nanomaterial-enabled strategies. These technologies show promise in enhancing MP removal efficiency. The review aims to stimulate further innovation in MP removal methods, promoting environmental and social well-being. It also discusses the adverse effects of MPs on aquatic organisms and the potential health risks to humans, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to mitigate MP pollution in aquatic systems.This article provides a critical review of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems, focusing on their degradation mechanisms and removal strategies. MPs, which range from 0.05 to 5 mm in size, pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their ingestion by various marine organisms and eventual entry into the food chain. The review highlights the importance of developing effective MP removal technologies, particularly those combining physical and chemical pretreatments with microbial degradation. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and specific enzymes are being leveraged in MP remediation efforts. Recent advancements include innovative methods like membrane bioreactors, synthetic biology, organosilane-based techniques, biofilm-mediated remediation, and nanomaterial-enabled strategies. These technologies show promise in enhancing MP removal efficiency. The review aims to stimulate further innovation in MP removal methods, promoting environmental and social well-being. It also discusses the adverse effects of MPs on aquatic organisms and the potential health risks to humans, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to mitigate MP pollution in aquatic systems.