The chapter discusses the dual-networks architecture of top-down control in the brain, emphasizing the importance of multiple controllers acting at different timescales to ensure resilience. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reveal that top-down control is supported by a large set of brain regions distributed across the prefrontal, frontal, and parietal cortices, as well as the insula, cerebellum, and thalamus. These regions are organized into two distinct networks: the fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks. The fronto-parietal network is involved in initiating and adjusting control, while the cingulo-opercular network provides stable set-maintenance over the entire task epoch. Graph theory analysis shows that these networks exhibit small-world architecture, with dense local connections within components and weaker long-range connections between components, facilitating efficient information processing. The dual-networks model suggests that human behavior is both flexible and highly stable due to the parallel operation of these control systems, enhancing overall resilience to damage or perturbations.The chapter discusses the dual-networks architecture of top-down control in the brain, emphasizing the importance of multiple controllers acting at different timescales to ensure resilience. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reveal that top-down control is supported by a large set of brain regions distributed across the prefrontal, frontal, and parietal cortices, as well as the insula, cerebellum, and thalamus. These regions are organized into two distinct networks: the fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks. The fronto-parietal network is involved in initiating and adjusting control, while the cingulo-opercular network provides stable set-maintenance over the entire task epoch. Graph theory analysis shows that these networks exhibit small-world architecture, with dense local connections within components and weaker long-range connections between components, facilitating efficient information processing. The dual-networks model suggests that human behavior is both flexible and highly stable due to the parallel operation of these control systems, enhancing overall resilience to damage or perturbations.