A facile soft-template method is presented for the synthesis of mesoporous polymeric and carbonaceous nanospheres. The method involves the use of cationic fluorocarbon surfactant FC4 and triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 as templates, along with ethanol and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene as organic co-solvents, and resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors. The synthesis allows for the preparation of ordered mesoporous resorcinol formaldehyde nanospheres with particle sizes ranging from 80 to 400 nm and mesopores of ~3.5 nm in diameter. Multi-layered mesoporous resorcinol formaldehyde hollow nanospheres are successfully synthesized by finely tuning the synthesis parameters. Mesoporous carbon nanospheres and hollow nanospheres with high surface area are obtained through the carbonization of the polymer spheres. These mesoporous carbon nanospheres are demonstrated as host cathode materials for lithium-sulphur batteries, showing high initial discharge capacity and good cyclability. The synthesis strategy provides a benchmark for fabricating well-defined porous carbonaceous nanospheres with potential for energy storage and conversion applications. The method is efficient, facile, low cost, and environmentally friendly, making it suitable for industrial production. The results show that the mesoporous carbon nanospheres have tunable particle sizes and morphologies, and their application potential for energy storage and conversion has been tested. The method is also applicable for the synthesis of various functional polymeric nanospheres. The synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MCNs) is achieved by extending the synthesis method of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The resulting MCNs have hierarchical porous structures with mesopores of ~3.5 nm in diameter. The MCNs are tested as cathode materials in lithium-sulphur batteries and as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The method is efficient, facile, and suitable for large-scale production. The results demonstrate the potential of the synthesized materials for various applications including energy storage and conversion.A facile soft-template method is presented for the synthesis of mesoporous polymeric and carbonaceous nanospheres. The method involves the use of cationic fluorocarbon surfactant FC4 and triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 as templates, along with ethanol and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene as organic co-solvents, and resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors. The synthesis allows for the preparation of ordered mesoporous resorcinol formaldehyde nanospheres with particle sizes ranging from 80 to 400 nm and mesopores of ~3.5 nm in diameter. Multi-layered mesoporous resorcinol formaldehyde hollow nanospheres are successfully synthesized by finely tuning the synthesis parameters. Mesoporous carbon nanospheres and hollow nanospheres with high surface area are obtained through the carbonization of the polymer spheres. These mesoporous carbon nanospheres are demonstrated as host cathode materials for lithium-sulphur batteries, showing high initial discharge capacity and good cyclability. The synthesis strategy provides a benchmark for fabricating well-defined porous carbonaceous nanospheres with potential for energy storage and conversion applications. The method is efficient, facile, low cost, and environmentally friendly, making it suitable for industrial production. The results show that the mesoporous carbon nanospheres have tunable particle sizes and morphologies, and their application potential for energy storage and conversion has been tested. The method is also applicable for the synthesis of various functional polymeric nanospheres. The synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MCNs) is achieved by extending the synthesis method of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The resulting MCNs have hierarchical porous structures with mesopores of ~3.5 nm in diameter. The MCNs are tested as cathode materials in lithium-sulphur batteries and as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The method is efficient, facile, and suitable for large-scale production. The results demonstrate the potential of the synthesized materials for various applications including energy storage and conversion.