The article presents a comprehensive framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science, emphasizing the need to address the consequences of changes in the biosphere and the human-environment system. The authors highlight that vulnerability is not just about exposure to hazards but also involves sensitivity and resilience. They propose a framework that includes multiple interacting perturbations and stressors, exposure beyond simple hazard presence, sensitivity of the coupled system, coping and resilience capacities, and nested scales of hazards and responses. The framework aims to integrate human and biophysical conditions, processes, and linkages at various spatiotemporal scales. It also emphasizes the importance of stakeholder input, differential vulnerability, stochastic and nonlinear elements, institutional structures, and the development of metrics and models. The framework is designed to be useful for both traditional and place-based vulnerability assessments, with a focus on the complexity and interactions involved in vulnerability analysis.The article presents a comprehensive framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science, emphasizing the need to address the consequences of changes in the biosphere and the human-environment system. The authors highlight that vulnerability is not just about exposure to hazards but also involves sensitivity and resilience. They propose a framework that includes multiple interacting perturbations and stressors, exposure beyond simple hazard presence, sensitivity of the coupled system, coping and resilience capacities, and nested scales of hazards and responses. The framework aims to integrate human and biophysical conditions, processes, and linkages at various spatiotemporal scales. It also emphasizes the importance of stakeholder input, differential vulnerability, stochastic and nonlinear elements, institutional structures, and the development of metrics and models. The framework is designed to be useful for both traditional and place-based vulnerability assessments, with a focus on the complexity and interactions involved in vulnerability analysis.