The International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium has assembled a comprehensive, integrated physical, genetic, and functional sequence resource for the barley genome. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important crop with a large haploid genome of 5.1 Gb. The study presents a 4.98 Gb physical map, with over 3.9 Gb anchored to a high-resolution genetic map. This framework supports 79,379 transcript clusters, including 26,159 high-confidence genes with homology support from other plant genomes. The barley genome is highly repetitive, with 84% of the genome composed of mobile elements or other repeat structures, primarily retrotransposons. The study also reveals extensive single-nucleotide variation across diverse barley accessions. The data provide a platform for genome-assisted research and crop improvement. Barley is a diploid, inbreeding, temperate crop with a wide genetic diversity, making it a model for plant genetic research. The study provides a detailed gene space, integrating physical and genetic maps, and offers insights into gene expression, alternative splicing, and post-transcriptional regulation. The barley genome has a complex structure with a large number of functional genes in centromeric and pericentromeric regions, which are recombinationally 'inert'. The study also highlights the importance of natural diversity in barley, with a significant amount of genetic variation across different accessions. The research provides a detailed understanding of the barley genome, including gene expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms, and the impact of genetic diversity on crop improvement. The study has important implications for understanding the biology and evolution of barley, as well as for improving crop breeding and genetic research. The data are available for further research and application in crop improvement.The International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium has assembled a comprehensive, integrated physical, genetic, and functional sequence resource for the barley genome. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important crop with a large haploid genome of 5.1 Gb. The study presents a 4.98 Gb physical map, with over 3.9 Gb anchored to a high-resolution genetic map. This framework supports 79,379 transcript clusters, including 26,159 high-confidence genes with homology support from other plant genomes. The barley genome is highly repetitive, with 84% of the genome composed of mobile elements or other repeat structures, primarily retrotransposons. The study also reveals extensive single-nucleotide variation across diverse barley accessions. The data provide a platform for genome-assisted research and crop improvement. Barley is a diploid, inbreeding, temperate crop with a wide genetic diversity, making it a model for plant genetic research. The study provides a detailed gene space, integrating physical and genetic maps, and offers insights into gene expression, alternative splicing, and post-transcriptional regulation. The barley genome has a complex structure with a large number of functional genes in centromeric and pericentromeric regions, which are recombinationally 'inert'. The study also highlights the importance of natural diversity in barley, with a significant amount of genetic variation across different accessions. The research provides a detailed understanding of the barley genome, including gene expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms, and the impact of genetic diversity on crop improvement. The study has important implications for understanding the biology and evolution of barley, as well as for improving crop breeding and genetic research. The data are available for further research and application in crop improvement.