This study presents a resting-state EEG dataset to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on mood, alertness, and brain activity. The dataset includes EEG recordings and cognitive data from 71 participants who underwent two testing sessions: one involving SD and the other with normal sleep. Participants engaged in eyes-open resting-state EEG, and their alertness, mood, and sleepiness were measured using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and other scales. The dataset also examines individual sleep quality and traits using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). The study highlights significant changes in EEG frequency bands, particularly in the theta and alpha bands, during SD. The dataset is shared to contribute to open EEG measurements in the field of SD, providing valuable insights into the immediate and long-term effects of sleep deprivation on brain function and behavior.This study presents a resting-state EEG dataset to investigate the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on mood, alertness, and brain activity. The dataset includes EEG recordings and cognitive data from 71 participants who underwent two testing sessions: one involving SD and the other with normal sleep. Participants engaged in eyes-open resting-state EEG, and their alertness, mood, and sleepiness were measured using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and other scales. The dataset also examines individual sleep quality and traits using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). The study highlights significant changes in EEG frequency bands, particularly in the theta and alpha bands, during SD. The dataset is shared to contribute to open EEG measurements in the field of SD, providing valuable insights into the immediate and long-term effects of sleep deprivation on brain function and behavior.