This study presents a resting-state EEG dataset for sleep deprivation (SD), comprising EEG recordings and cognitive data from 71 participants undergoing two testing sessions: one involving SD and the other normal sleep. The dataset includes EEG recordings and behavioral data such as the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). The data were collected from March 2019 to October 2021 in the Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Southwest University. The study aimed to investigate the impact of SD on mood, alertness, and resting-state EEG. The dataset is structured in BIDS format and includes EEG data for 71 participants with eyes open and 38 with eyes closed. The data are available for open access and can be used to study the effects of SD on cognitive and emotional processes. The dataset includes information on sleep quality, individual traits, and behavioral data. The EEG data were preprocessed using MATLAB and EEGLAB, and the power spectrum was calculated using the Welch method. The dataset is accompanied by code for spectral analysis and topographic maps of EEG data. The study highlights the impact of SD on brain activity, particularly in the theta and alpha frequency bands, and the relationship between individual sleep quality and SD effects. The dataset is a valuable resource for researchers studying the effects of SD on cognitive and emotional processes.This study presents a resting-state EEG dataset for sleep deprivation (SD), comprising EEG recordings and cognitive data from 71 participants undergoing two testing sessions: one involving SD and the other normal sleep. The dataset includes EEG recordings and behavioral data such as the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). The data were collected from March 2019 to October 2021 in the Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Southwest University. The study aimed to investigate the impact of SD on mood, alertness, and resting-state EEG. The dataset is structured in BIDS format and includes EEG data for 71 participants with eyes open and 38 with eyes closed. The data are available for open access and can be used to study the effects of SD on cognitive and emotional processes. The dataset includes information on sleep quality, individual traits, and behavioral data. The EEG data were preprocessed using MATLAB and EEGLAB, and the power spectrum was calculated using the Welch method. The dataset is accompanied by code for spectral analysis and topographic maps of EEG data. The study highlights the impact of SD on brain activity, particularly in the theta and alpha frequency bands, and the relationship between individual sleep quality and SD effects. The dataset is a valuable resource for researchers studying the effects of SD on cognitive and emotional processes.