Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor complications. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of PD have highlighted the involvement of Lewy bodies and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Genetic factors, particularly mutations in genes like α-synuclein, parkin, and LRRK2, play a significant role in PD. Environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides and cigarette smoking, also contribute to the development of PD. Clinical diagnosis is primarily based on symptoms and signs, with MRI and SPECT imaging used for differential diagnosis. Management options include levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and surgical interventions like deep brain stimulation. Non-motor complications, such as sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, depression, and psychosis, are common and require specific treatments. Future research aims to develop disease-modifying therapies that offer neuroprotection.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor complications. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of PD have highlighted the involvement of Lewy bodies and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Genetic factors, particularly mutations in genes like α-synuclein, parkin, and LRRK2, play a significant role in PD. Environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides and cigarette smoking, also contribute to the development of PD. Clinical diagnosis is primarily based on symptoms and signs, with MRI and SPECT imaging used for differential diagnosis. Management options include levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and surgical interventions like deep brain stimulation. Non-motor complications, such as sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, depression, and psychosis, are common and require specific treatments. Future research aims to develop disease-modifying therapies that offer neuroprotection.