This review discusses electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors (ES), focusing on metal oxides, carbon materials, and conducting polymers. It highlights their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes, as well as new trends in material development. The review emphasizes the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the low energy density of ES. The review also discusses the fundamentals and applications of ES, including two types: electrostatic supercapacitors (EDLS) and faradaic supercapacitors (FS). EDLS rely on physical charge accumulation at the electrode/electrolyte interface, while FS involve electrochemical reactions. The review also covers electrolytes, including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes, and their properties. The review discusses the fabrication and manufacturing of ES, including electrode materials evaluation through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The advantages, challenges, and applications of ES are also discussed, highlighting their high power density, long life expectancy, and environmental friendliness. The review concludes by discussing the importance of developing new electrode materials with high capacitance and improved performance to overcome the challenges of ES.This review discusses electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors (ES), focusing on metal oxides, carbon materials, and conducting polymers. It highlights their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes, as well as new trends in material development. The review emphasizes the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the low energy density of ES. The review also discusses the fundamentals and applications of ES, including two types: electrostatic supercapacitors (EDLS) and faradaic supercapacitors (FS). EDLS rely on physical charge accumulation at the electrode/electrolyte interface, while FS involve electrochemical reactions. The review also covers electrolytes, including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes, and their properties. The review discusses the fabrication and manufacturing of ES, including electrode materials evaluation through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The advantages, challenges, and applications of ES are also discussed, highlighting their high power density, long life expectancy, and environmental friendliness. The review concludes by discussing the importance of developing new electrode materials with high capacitance and improved performance to overcome the challenges of ES.