This paper provides a comprehensive review of vibration analysis (VA) and its applications in various industries, particularly in the petroleum sector. VA is a widely used technique for predictive maintenance, enabling early diagnosis of faults and reducing maintenance costs and downtime. The method is applicable to both rotating and non-rotating equipment, continuous processes, and construction structures. The paper highlights the importance of VA in detecting faults in Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) systems, which are prone to faults due to their location downhole. Studies have shown that analyzing ESP vibration data can help predict early problems and identify causes, although principal component analysis (PCA) models may not always capture all fault signals effectively. The paper also reviews VA fundamentals, including vibration profiles, measurable parameters, measurement techniques, and analysis techniques such as enveloping and demodulation. Additionally, it discusses various studies on VA in construction structures, machine health, and specific applications in the oil and gas industry, such as rod pumps, ESP systems, drilling operations, piping systems, and plant optimization. The authors emphasize the potential of VA in improving safety, efficiency, and longevity in these industries and call for further research and implementation.This paper provides a comprehensive review of vibration analysis (VA) and its applications in various industries, particularly in the petroleum sector. VA is a widely used technique for predictive maintenance, enabling early diagnosis of faults and reducing maintenance costs and downtime. The method is applicable to both rotating and non-rotating equipment, continuous processes, and construction structures. The paper highlights the importance of VA in detecting faults in Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) systems, which are prone to faults due to their location downhole. Studies have shown that analyzing ESP vibration data can help predict early problems and identify causes, although principal component analysis (PCA) models may not always capture all fault signals effectively. The paper also reviews VA fundamentals, including vibration profiles, measurable parameters, measurement techniques, and analysis techniques such as enveloping and demodulation. Additionally, it discusses various studies on VA in construction structures, machine health, and specific applications in the oil and gas industry, such as rod pumps, ESP systems, drilling operations, piping systems, and plant optimization. The authors emphasize the potential of VA in improving safety, efficiency, and longevity in these industries and call for further research and implementation.