This paper reviews the process mineralogy of converter vanadium slag and stone coal, which are primary raw materials for vanadium extraction. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the mechanistic study of vanadium extraction techniques and to optimize the process. The review covers the chemical and physical phase compositions of these materials, focusing on the state of vanadium occurrence. Key extraction techniques discussed include roasting, direct leaching, sub-molten salt method, and vanadium extraction from stone coal. The paper identifies key issues and challenges in current vanadium extraction techniques and outlines the feasibility and prospects for future development. The importance of establishing a process mineralogical database is emphasized to guide the optimization of vanadium extraction methods. The mineral properties of converter vanadium slag and stone coal are detailed, highlighting the chemical constituents and physical phase compositions. The paper concludes by discussing the positive trajectory for the future development of vanadium extraction techniques, which will play a crucial role in the growth of the energy storage industry and sustainable vanadium resource utilization.This paper reviews the process mineralogy of converter vanadium slag and stone coal, which are primary raw materials for vanadium extraction. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the mechanistic study of vanadium extraction techniques and to optimize the process. The review covers the chemical and physical phase compositions of these materials, focusing on the state of vanadium occurrence. Key extraction techniques discussed include roasting, direct leaching, sub-molten salt method, and vanadium extraction from stone coal. The paper identifies key issues and challenges in current vanadium extraction techniques and outlines the feasibility and prospects for future development. The importance of establishing a process mineralogical database is emphasized to guide the optimization of vanadium extraction methods. The mineral properties of converter vanadium slag and stone coal are detailed, highlighting the chemical constituents and physical phase compositions. The paper concludes by discussing the positive trajectory for the future development of vanadium extraction techniques, which will play a crucial role in the growth of the energy storage industry and sustainable vanadium resource utilization.