This review discusses vanadium extraction techniques from major vanadium-containing resources, focusing on converter vanadium slag and stone coal. Vanadium is a strategic metal used in steel, aerospace, chemical, and energy storage industries. The increasing demand for vanadium, driven by the commercialization of vanadium redox flow batteries, highlights the need for sustainable vanadium production. Converter vanadium slag and stone coal are primary raw materials for vanadium extraction. The paper reviews the process mineralogy of these materials, including their chemical and physical compositions and the state of vanadium occurrence. It aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the mechanistic study of vanadium extraction techniques and provide a reference for process optimization. The review systematically summarizes current vanadium extraction technologies from converter vanadium slag, including roasting, direct leaching, sub-molten salt method, and stone coal extraction. It identifies key issues in current extraction techniques and challenges in actual production. The paper also outlines the feasibility and prospects for the development of vanadium extraction technology. China has abundant vanadium and titanium magnetite resources, with most vanadium extracted from vanadium–titanium magnetite. Stone coal, a specific Chinese vanadium-bearing resource, is also a significant source. However, the vanadium content in stone coal is low, making efficient extraction techniques crucial. The blast furnace-converter smelting method is used in China and Russia to extract vanadium from vanadium–titanium magnetite. Converter slag is a major source of vanadium extraction. Previous studies have focused on converter vanadium slag or stone coal, but few have analyzed the mineral properties of vanadium extraction feedstocks from a process mineralogical perspective. This paper reviews the mineral properties of the two feedstocks and proposes the importance of establishing a process mineralogical database. The paper also describes the vanadium extraction techniques of converter vanadium slag and stone coal in detail, summarizes the vanadium extraction procedure, and highlights the promising prospects for the future development of vanadium extraction techniques. These advancements are expected to play a pivotal role in facilitating the growth of the energy storage industry while providing a sustainable vanadium resource.This review discusses vanadium extraction techniques from major vanadium-containing resources, focusing on converter vanadium slag and stone coal. Vanadium is a strategic metal used in steel, aerospace, chemical, and energy storage industries. The increasing demand for vanadium, driven by the commercialization of vanadium redox flow batteries, highlights the need for sustainable vanadium production. Converter vanadium slag and stone coal are primary raw materials for vanadium extraction. The paper reviews the process mineralogy of these materials, including their chemical and physical compositions and the state of vanadium occurrence. It aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the mechanistic study of vanadium extraction techniques and provide a reference for process optimization. The review systematically summarizes current vanadium extraction technologies from converter vanadium slag, including roasting, direct leaching, sub-molten salt method, and stone coal extraction. It identifies key issues in current extraction techniques and challenges in actual production. The paper also outlines the feasibility and prospects for the development of vanadium extraction technology. China has abundant vanadium and titanium magnetite resources, with most vanadium extracted from vanadium–titanium magnetite. Stone coal, a specific Chinese vanadium-bearing resource, is also a significant source. However, the vanadium content in stone coal is low, making efficient extraction techniques crucial. The blast furnace-converter smelting method is used in China and Russia to extract vanadium from vanadium–titanium magnetite. Converter slag is a major source of vanadium extraction. Previous studies have focused on converter vanadium slag or stone coal, but few have analyzed the mineral properties of vanadium extraction feedstocks from a process mineralogical perspective. This paper reviews the mineral properties of the two feedstocks and proposes the importance of establishing a process mineralogical database. The paper also describes the vanadium extraction techniques of converter vanadium slag and stone coal in detail, summarizes the vanadium extraction procedure, and highlights the promising prospects for the future development of vanadium extraction techniques. These advancements are expected to play a pivotal role in facilitating the growth of the energy storage industry while providing a sustainable vanadium resource.