A systematic review on silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are widely used in various sectors due to their unique properties and antimicrobial activity. However, their increased use may lead to toxicity affecting both the environment and living organisms. This review discusses the physicochemical properties of Ag-NPs, their mechanisms of action, and their potential toxicity. The properties of Ag-NPs, such as size, shape, concentration, and surface characteristics, significantly influence their cytotoxicity. Ag-NPs can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell death. The toxicity of Ag-NPs is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, and exposure time. Ag-NPs can be synthesized using various methods, including chemical reduction, laser ablation, and green synthesis using biological materials. The toxicity of Ag-NPs is also affected by their surface coating, which can influence their stability and biological activity. Ag-NPs have been shown to have cytotoxic effects on various cell lines, including human cells, and can cause DNA damage, mitochondrial injury, and oxidative stress. The toxicity of Ag-NPs is also influenced by their interaction with biological systems, such as the blood-brain barrier. The review highlights the importance of understanding the physicochemical properties of Ag-NPs and their mechanisms of action to better assess their potential risks and applications. The review also discusses the potential of Ag-NPs in environmental remediation and their use as biocides. The findings suggest that Ag-NPs have a significant impact on cellular toxicity and that further research is needed to fully understand their effects on human health and the environment.A systematic review on silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are widely used in various sectors due to their unique properties and antimicrobial activity. However, their increased use may lead to toxicity affecting both the environment and living organisms. This review discusses the physicochemical properties of Ag-NPs, their mechanisms of action, and their potential toxicity. The properties of Ag-NPs, such as size, shape, concentration, and surface characteristics, significantly influence their cytotoxicity. Ag-NPs can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell death. The toxicity of Ag-NPs is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, and exposure time. Ag-NPs can be synthesized using various methods, including chemical reduction, laser ablation, and green synthesis using biological materials. The toxicity of Ag-NPs is also affected by their surface coating, which can influence their stability and biological activity. Ag-NPs have been shown to have cytotoxic effects on various cell lines, including human cells, and can cause DNA damage, mitochondrial injury, and oxidative stress. The toxicity of Ag-NPs is also influenced by their interaction with biological systems, such as the blood-brain barrier. The review highlights the importance of understanding the physicochemical properties of Ag-NPs and their mechanisms of action to better assess their potential risks and applications. The review also discusses the potential of Ag-NPs in environmental remediation and their use as biocides. The findings suggest that Ag-NPs have a significant impact on cellular toxicity and that further research is needed to fully understand their effects on human health and the environment.