A Yolk-Shell Design for Stabilized and Scalable Li-ion Battery Alloy Anodes

A Yolk-Shell Design for Stabilized and Scalable Li-ion Battery Alloy Anodes

April 20, 2012 | Nian Liu, Hui Wu, Matthew T. McDowell, Yan Yao, Chongmin Wang, and Yi Cui
A yolk-shell design for stabilized and scalable Li-ion battery alloy anodes is presented. Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its use is limited by significant volume expansion during lithiation, which causes structural degradation and poor cycle life. This study introduces a yolk-shell structure composed of Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) encapsulated in a thin, self-supporting carbon shell with a void space between the SiNPs and the shell. This design allows SiNPs to expand without rupturing the carbon shell, stabilizing the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and enabling high capacity, long cycle life, and high Coulombic efficiency. The yolk-shell structure is fabricated using a room-temperature solution method, involving the deposition of a sacrificial SiO₂ layer, followed by a polydopamine layer, which is then carbonized. The SiO₂ layer is subsequently removed, leaving a carbon shell with a void space that accommodates Si expansion. The carbon shell is both electronically and ionically conductive, facilitating efficient Li transport and enhancing electrochemical performance. The design also prevents electrolyte access to the SiNPs, reducing SEI formation and improving cycle stability. The yolk-shell structure demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacity of ~2800 mAh/g at C/10, a long cycle life of 1000 cycles with 74% capacity retention, and a Coulombic efficiency of 99.84%. The structure is compatible with current slurry coating technology and can be scaled up for industrial production. The design also shows good performance with conventional binders such as PVDF, indicating its versatility and effectiveness as an anode framework for Si-based batteries. The yolk-shell structure effectively addresses the challenges of Si anodes, offering a promising solution for next-generation Li-ion batteries.A yolk-shell design for stabilized and scalable Li-ion battery alloy anodes is presented. Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its use is limited by significant volume expansion during lithiation, which causes structural degradation and poor cycle life. This study introduces a yolk-shell structure composed of Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) encapsulated in a thin, self-supporting carbon shell with a void space between the SiNPs and the shell. This design allows SiNPs to expand without rupturing the carbon shell, stabilizing the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and enabling high capacity, long cycle life, and high Coulombic efficiency. The yolk-shell structure is fabricated using a room-temperature solution method, involving the deposition of a sacrificial SiO₂ layer, followed by a polydopamine layer, which is then carbonized. The SiO₂ layer is subsequently removed, leaving a carbon shell with a void space that accommodates Si expansion. The carbon shell is both electronically and ionically conductive, facilitating efficient Li transport and enhancing electrochemical performance. The design also prevents electrolyte access to the SiNPs, reducing SEI formation and improving cycle stability. The yolk-shell structure demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacity of ~2800 mAh/g at C/10, a long cycle life of 1000 cycles with 74% capacity retention, and a Coulombic efficiency of 99.84%. The structure is compatible with current slurry coating technology and can be scaled up for industrial production. The design also shows good performance with conventional binders such as PVDF, indicating its versatility and effectiveness as an anode framework for Si-based batteries. The yolk-shell structure effectively addresses the challenges of Si anodes, offering a promising solution for next-generation Li-ion batteries.
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