The article "Achieving Decentralized, Electrified, and Decarbonized Ammonia Production" by Carlos A. Fernández, Oliver Chapman, Marilyn A. Brown, Christian E. Alvarez-Pugliese, and Marta C. Hatzell explores the feasibility of transitioning ammonia production from carbon-intensive methods to renewable, electrified, and decarbonized technologies. The authors examine wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy-driven ammonia production systems, identifying optimal regions where these sources can meet local demand for ammonia-based fertilizers. They set technology targets for energy efficiency and capital cost to compete with the methane-fed Haber–Bosch process, requiring above 20% energy efficiency for high natural gas prices and 70% for low prices. The study also considers water stress, optimizing the distribution of ammonia production facilities to minimize water stress and transportation costs. The results suggest that a decentralized ammonia supply chain driven by wind and PV electricity can reduce transportation distances by up to 76% while increasing production costs by 18%. The study integrates a techno-economic model with a distribution optimization model, addressing environmental constraints and sustainability. The findings highlight the need for enhanced energy efficiency and reduced capital costs to improve the economic viability and environmental benefits of ammonia production technologies.The article "Achieving Decentralized, Electrified, and Decarbonized Ammonia Production" by Carlos A. Fernández, Oliver Chapman, Marilyn A. Brown, Christian E. Alvarez-Pugliese, and Marta C. Hatzell explores the feasibility of transitioning ammonia production from carbon-intensive methods to renewable, electrified, and decarbonized technologies. The authors examine wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy-driven ammonia production systems, identifying optimal regions where these sources can meet local demand for ammonia-based fertilizers. They set technology targets for energy efficiency and capital cost to compete with the methane-fed Haber–Bosch process, requiring above 20% energy efficiency for high natural gas prices and 70% for low prices. The study also considers water stress, optimizing the distribution of ammonia production facilities to minimize water stress and transportation costs. The results suggest that a decentralized ammonia supply chain driven by wind and PV electricity can reduce transportation distances by up to 76% while increasing production costs by 18%. The study integrates a techno-economic model with a distribution optimization model, addressing environmental constraints and sustainability. The findings highlight the need for enhanced energy efficiency and reduced capital costs to improve the economic viability and environmental benefits of ammonia production technologies.