Adenosine is an endogenous molecule that regulates tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are expressed in immune cells and are responsive to adenosine in inflammatory environments. Animal models of asthma, ischaemia, arthritis, sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, and wound healing have helped elucidate the roles of these receptors in disease development and progression. Recent research has highlighted the potential of adenosine-receptor-based therapies for treating infections, autoimmunity, ischaemia, and degenerative diseases. Adenosine accumulates in the extracellular space during metabolic stress and cell damage, and its levels increase in conditions such as ischaemia, hypoxia, inflammation, and trauma. Adenosine modulates homeostasis by acting as an alarm molecule and generating tissue responses that protect organs. Adenosine receptors, which include A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, are involved in various cellular responses. Adenosine receptor signaling is mediated through G proteins and other pathways, and the activation of these receptors can influence immune and inflammatory systems. Adenosine receptors are expressed on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes. Adenosine has been shown to regulate cytokine production, cell migration, and immune responses. For example, A2A receptors are involved in suppressing TNF-α production in macrophages, while A2B receptors are involved in stimulating IL-6 production. A3 receptors are involved in histamine release in mast cells. Adenosine has anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases, including asthma, COPD, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Adenosine receptor agonists, such as A2A agonists, have been shown to reduce inflammation and tissue damage. Adenosine receptor antagonists, such as A2B antagonists, have also been studied for their potential in treating these diseases. Adenosine receptor signaling is complex and involves multiple pathways, and the specific roles of each receptor subtype in different immune cells are still being investigated. In summary, adenosine and its receptors play important roles in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Adenosine receptor-based therapies are being explored for their potential in treating various inflammatory and immune diseases.Adenosine is an endogenous molecule that regulates tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are expressed in immune cells and are responsive to adenosine in inflammatory environments. Animal models of asthma, ischaemia, arthritis, sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, and wound healing have helped elucidate the roles of these receptors in disease development and progression. Recent research has highlighted the potential of adenosine-receptor-based therapies for treating infections, autoimmunity, ischaemia, and degenerative diseases. Adenosine accumulates in the extracellular space during metabolic stress and cell damage, and its levels increase in conditions such as ischaemia, hypoxia, inflammation, and trauma. Adenosine modulates homeostasis by acting as an alarm molecule and generating tissue responses that protect organs. Adenosine receptors, which include A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, are involved in various cellular responses. Adenosine receptor signaling is mediated through G proteins and other pathways, and the activation of these receptors can influence immune and inflammatory systems. Adenosine receptors are expressed on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes. Adenosine has been shown to regulate cytokine production, cell migration, and immune responses. For example, A2A receptors are involved in suppressing TNF-α production in macrophages, while A2B receptors are involved in stimulating IL-6 production. A3 receptors are involved in histamine release in mast cells. Adenosine has anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases, including asthma, COPD, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Adenosine receptor agonists, such as A2A agonists, have been shown to reduce inflammation and tissue damage. Adenosine receptor antagonists, such as A2B antagonists, have also been studied for their potential in treating these diseases. Adenosine receptor signaling is complex and involves multiple pathways, and the specific roles of each receptor subtype in different immune cells are still being investigated. In summary, adenosine and its receptors play important roles in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Adenosine receptor-based therapies are being explored for their potential in treating various inflammatory and immune diseases.