Adipokines are secreted factors from adipose tissue that play a key role in inflammation and metabolic disease. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, secreting adipokines that can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Dysregulated adipokine production in adipose tissue can lead to obesity-related complications. Adipokines are involved in inflammatory responses and metabolic regulation. Obesity is a major global health issue linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and ischaemic heart disease. Adipose tissue is not only involved in energy storage but also secretes various bioactive substances. The expression of these factors is influenced by adipose tissue dysfunction and can affect immune responses. New adipokines secreted by adipose tissue have been identified that either promote inflammation or help resolve it. These findings support the idea that an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, which contribute to high mortality and morbidity. Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue is involved in energy storage and secretes various bioactive substances. The expression of these factors is influenced by adipose tissue dysfunction and can affect immune responses. Adipose tissue infiltration by macrophages is linked to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. The accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages is proportional to adiposity. Macrophages are more abundant in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipose tissue also contains fibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix components. Metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue produces excess matrix components that may interfere with adipose mass expansion and contribute to metabolic dysregulation. Adipose tissue contains various cell types, including pre-adipocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular cells. Obesity can lead to changes in the cellular composition of the fat pad and the phenotypes of individual cells. Adipose tissues in obese individuals and in animal models of obesity are infiltrated by a large number of macrophages, which are linked to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. The accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages is proportional to adiposity. Sustained weight loss results in a reduction in the number of adipose tissue macrophages. Macrophages are more abundant in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipose tissue also contains fibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix components. Metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue produces excess matrix components that may interfere with adipose mass expansion and contribute to metabolic dysregulation. Adipose tissue contains various cell types, including pre-adipocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular cells. Obesity can lead to changesAdipokines are secreted factors from adipose tissue that play a key role in inflammation and metabolic disease. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, secreting adipokines that can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Dysregulated adipokine production in adipose tissue can lead to obesity-related complications. Adipokines are involved in inflammatory responses and metabolic regulation. Obesity is a major global health issue linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and ischaemic heart disease. Adipose tissue is not only involved in energy storage but also secretes various bioactive substances. The expression of these factors is influenced by adipose tissue dysfunction and can affect immune responses. New adipokines secreted by adipose tissue have been identified that either promote inflammation or help resolve it. These findings support the idea that an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, which contribute to high mortality and morbidity. Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue is involved in energy storage and secretes various bioactive substances. The expression of these factors is influenced by adipose tissue dysfunction and can affect immune responses. Adipose tissue infiltration by macrophages is linked to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. The accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages is proportional to adiposity. Macrophages are more abundant in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipose tissue also contains fibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix components. Metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue produces excess matrix components that may interfere with adipose mass expansion and contribute to metabolic dysregulation. Adipose tissue contains various cell types, including pre-adipocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular cells. Obesity can lead to changes in the cellular composition of the fat pad and the phenotypes of individual cells. Adipose tissues in obese individuals and in animal models of obesity are infiltrated by a large number of macrophages, which are linked to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. The accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages is proportional to adiposity. Sustained weight loss results in a reduction in the number of adipose tissue macrophages. Macrophages are more abundant in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipose tissue also contains fibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix components. Metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue produces excess matrix components that may interfere with adipose mass expansion and contribute to metabolic dysregulation. Adipose tissue contains various cell types, including pre-adipocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular cells. Obesity can lead to changes