Lung cancer has a low survival rate due to late-stage diagnosis, poor prognosis, and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. To improve treatment effectiveness, researchers are focusing on personalized adjuvant therapies, including targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems and pathway-blocking agents using nanocarriers. This study explores the roles and strategies of nanocarriers in improving treatment profiles by targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanocarriers can stimulate biosystem interaction, cellular uptake, immune system escape, and vascular changes to penetrate the TME. Inorganic metal compounds can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photothermal effects. Conjugating stroma, hypoxia, pH, and immunity-modulating agents with nanocarriers can regulate extracellular matrix (ECM), Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), Tyro3, Axl, and Merk receptors (TAM), inhibit regulatory T-cells (Treg), and suppress myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Biomimetic conjugation or surface modification of nanocarriers using ligands can enhance active targeting efficacy by bypassing the TME. A carrier system with biofunctionalized inorganic metal compounds and organic compound complex-loaded drugs is convenient for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) targeted therapy. Lung cancer is the second-highest diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death among all forms of cancer. The 5-year survival rate is low due to late-stage diagnosis, lack of awareness, socioeconomic conditions, environmental contamination, and tumor heterogeneity. Common etiological factors include tobacco smoking, occupational asbestos exposure, cannabis smoking, radon exposure, air pollution, and systemic sclerosis. Genetic mutations affect protein synthesis, disrupt cell cycle progression, and promote carcinogenesis. Lung cancer is classified into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Treatment methods include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative care. Nanocarriers, with their high porosity, can be used for targeted drug delivery, nucleic acids, proteins, and diagnostic agents. They provide superior stability, solubility, and bioavailability. Nanocarriers can enhance drug circulation lifetime, permeability, and retention. Viral vector nanocarriers can deliver nucleic acid therapies. Nanocarriers can control and manipulate micron-sized structures and devices. The respiratory tract's self-defense mechanisms impact drug delivery and absorption. Biological barriers, such as mechanical, chemical, and immunological barriers, affect drug delivery to the lung surface. Tumor heterogeneity and biological barriers pose challenges. Nanocarriers can overcome these barriers through passive and active targeting, pH, and temperature specificity. Particle size, active targeting using receptor-based bioconjugating agents, and inflammatory mediators like IL-6 play roles in bypassing the TME. Folate-bLung cancer has a low survival rate due to late-stage diagnosis, poor prognosis, and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. To improve treatment effectiveness, researchers are focusing on personalized adjuvant therapies, including targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems and pathway-blocking agents using nanocarriers. This study explores the roles and strategies of nanocarriers in improving treatment profiles by targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanocarriers can stimulate biosystem interaction, cellular uptake, immune system escape, and vascular changes to penetrate the TME. Inorganic metal compounds can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photothermal effects. Conjugating stroma, hypoxia, pH, and immunity-modulating agents with nanocarriers can regulate extracellular matrix (ECM), Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), Tyro3, Axl, and Merk receptors (TAM), inhibit regulatory T-cells (Treg), and suppress myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Biomimetic conjugation or surface modification of nanocarriers using ligands can enhance active targeting efficacy by bypassing the TME. A carrier system with biofunctionalized inorganic metal compounds and organic compound complex-loaded drugs is convenient for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) targeted therapy. Lung cancer is the second-highest diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death among all forms of cancer. The 5-year survival rate is low due to late-stage diagnosis, lack of awareness, socioeconomic conditions, environmental contamination, and tumor heterogeneity. Common etiological factors include tobacco smoking, occupational asbestos exposure, cannabis smoking, radon exposure, air pollution, and systemic sclerosis. Genetic mutations affect protein synthesis, disrupt cell cycle progression, and promote carcinogenesis. Lung cancer is classified into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Treatment methods include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative care. Nanocarriers, with their high porosity, can be used for targeted drug delivery, nucleic acids, proteins, and diagnostic agents. They provide superior stability, solubility, and bioavailability. Nanocarriers can enhance drug circulation lifetime, permeability, and retention. Viral vector nanocarriers can deliver nucleic acid therapies. Nanocarriers can control and manipulate micron-sized structures and devices. The respiratory tract's self-defense mechanisms impact drug delivery and absorption. Biological barriers, such as mechanical, chemical, and immunological barriers, affect drug delivery to the lung surface. Tumor heterogeneity and biological barriers pose challenges. Nanocarriers can overcome these barriers through passive and active targeting, pH, and temperature specificity. Particle size, active targeting using receptor-based bioconjugating agents, and inflammatory mediators like IL-6 play roles in bypassing the TME. Folate-b